Raphael Lemkin

The Raphael Lemkin Award of the Institute for the Study of Genocide honors a pioneer in social justice. Raphael Lemkin, an attorney descended from Polish Jews, lived from 1900-1959 through two world wars and the Great Depression. Born in Imperial Russia before the October Revolution, he saw his related ethnic groups suffer atrocities in the early 20th century. This added later to his interest in the larger problem of genocide, a word he created from genos (Greek: race) and –cide (Latin: killing). During his graduate law education, he focused on the 1915 Armenian Genocide (ch. 1) of WWI and advocated its abolition in the League of Nations. He took on the case of Soghomon Tehlirian, assassin of a former Turkish Minister of the Interior as revenge for his role in the Armenian Genocide. Lemkin moved on to champion victims of the 1933 massacre of Christian Assyrians by Iraqis and then advocated for the minorities targeted by Nazis in Europe (ch. 2), especially Jews and the Poles. Joining the Polish Army, he himself lost 49 relatives in the Holocaust. His studies and his life experiences drove him on. It was difficult to convince America, other Allies, and the world that a Holocaust was actually occurring (ch. 3), partly due to anti-Semitism in many regions. Additionally, major nations were concentrating to fight back the Nazis and the Japanese in two theaters, with little notice at first of the plight of the Jews and the ghetto Poles. Knowing that this was all fact, Lemkin campaigned to educate the world about mass murder by naming it genocide and giving it the darkest personality. In 1944, he published Axis Rule in Occupied Europe, with his definition of this atrocity and continued to advocate his case against it publically. He spoke and wrote documents calling for the world to outlaw it through the United Nations. Humans’ committing same-species mass murder and psychological abuse against minority and ethnic groups was unnatural, twisted, and immoral. In light of his advocacy, he changed teaching and advising positions under political pressure to stop stirring up dissension, finally moving to USA in 1941. After his 1944 publication, he was able to become advisor to the US Supreme Court in the Nuremburg trials in which genocide was tried for two years. American policymakers did not wish to speak out against genocide or have responsibility for leading a movement against it. A large-scale military strike would — and did — cost many lives, dollars, and criticisms. It required a national commitment to Jews long-term and the related criticism. Lemkin continually spoke about genocide, finally bringing about the 1948 U.N. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in 1948 (ch. 4), in the same year that Israel became a nation. Unfortunately, Lemkin's last years suffered much opposition from policymakers who did not want to continue efforts against genocide. However, Senator William Proxmire and President Ronald Reagan provided additional impetus some time later for the successful ratification of Lemkin’s Genocide Convention (ch. 5). Lemkin had been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, awarded other honors, and accomplished much. Thus, he likely believed that justice would finally win out over genocide in the second half of the 20th century, spurred on by the foundation of his accumulated actions and their results. References Power, Samantha. A Problem from Hell†: America and the Age of Genocide. Chapters 1-5 (17-78).

Cmr Enterprises Essay

CMR, originally Mike’s Cabinets, is an architectural millwork business that competes in two different market segments: commercial and residential. In order to effectively compete in both markets, the nature of CMR’s business varies slightly between them. Commercial business provides two-thirds of the company’s projects as well as 80% of its sales. Due to the higher volume in demand, the commercial sales force is larger than the residential sales team, which relies heavily on CMR’s showroom. The market for commercial business is larger than residential market with projections of its value at upwards of $5 billion. Commercial contracts are also harder to secure than their residential counterparts. They must be bid on and won. Due to the heavy competition for these larger commercial contracts, the â€Å"got rate† for them is around 32%, whereas the residential â€Å"got rate† is around 69%. CMR’s residential department has to operate some what differently than the commercial facet of the company. First of all, project management requires a different degree of flexibility in order to meet ever-changing customer requests. Cash flow cycles are about four to six weeks, which is significantly shorter than the 6 months or more it takes for a commercial cycle. With less indirect labor and lower material costs, residential work actually boasts a higher net margin as well. The main difference between CMR’s nature of business between segments is the customer relationship factor. Residential customers require a softer approach with more face-to-face exposure. Commercial customers are primarily concerned with finding the lowest bid. However, CMR is building relationships with many contractors in attempt to make their jobs easier and potentially work with them in the future. Although CMR treats every customer as equally important, the commercial customers are arguably more valuable. 35 of the top 50 contractor prospects for 1999 were commercial contractors. Furthermore, commercial business typically achieves higher revenues and is likely the only means of meeting CMR’s aggressive growth goals. When Sam Marcus and William Walters bought Mike’s Cabinets in early 1997 they knew they were going to need to change some things abou t the way their business operated. Mike’s Cabinets was running very well as a small town cabinet shop that worked on projects for homeowners as well as large commercial buildings, and had a very good reputation with the people of Lincoln,Nebraska. Although things were running smoothly with the business, Sam and William wanted to produce more profits, and increase cash flows. Blackstone Homes was a homebuilding company that started only two years before Marcus bought Mike’s Cabinets. By the time Marcus was in charge of CMR, Blackstone was one of the largest homebuilders in the area. The president of Blackstone Homes approached Marcus in the fall of 1997, with the idea of starting a partnership. Blackstone was having problems with their current supplier because they couldn’t seem to deliver the cabinets when promised. Marcus was initially intrigued by the sheer volume of work they would be doing with Blackstone, but he thought it would be a great fit with where he was planning for his company to go, and seemed like a great way to make progress towards his profit and cash flow goals. Marcus had to work with his employees and overall business plan, but decided that the residential side of the business was worth expan ding, so he signed a contract with Blackstone Homes. Marcus’s decision to sign with Blackstone Homes was a very good idea for CMR Enterprises. Blackstone had great potential to become one of CMR’s largest accounts, and promised to have continual yearly growth. Blackstone agreed to specify only CMR’s cabinets in all their homes, and CMR assigned a project manager to work exclusively with their new partner. Both companies could see that they would both be benefiting from this partnership from the very beginning, and they were correct. Throughout the first year, Blackstone contributed heavily to CMR’s success, and eventually grew to be about 25% of the residential side of the business. Marcus saw that the residential side of the business had great potential for future growth, and he knew that this was a great way to get his company involved. The additional emphasis on residential work used more of the company’s resources, but it proved to be worth it with the increased revenue and cash flows. CMR Enterprises is confronting an issue with one of its most valuable clients, Blackstone. Blackstone as one of the biggest customers in the area, giving CMR an opportunity for immediate market share and his volume supported its goals to standardize its processes into flexible cells. They approached CMR looking for a new partner to work on a business that represented 25% of CMR’s residential business during the first year of this relationship. Sam Marcus was counting on further growth with his customer to pay his debt and fund expansion efforts. But relationshipswith Blackstone had become increasingly intense on residential construction. Marcus had aggressive goals of reaching $70 million in sales by 2007 by creating a scalable and replicable business model. Moreover, build close relationship with the Blackstone will gave CMR an opportunity to standardize its business processes to be able to benefit from improved operational efficiencies that comes because of scale of operations. However, the relationship between two companies had evolved unpleasantly over time. When Blackstone sells a house, it does come with a pre-finished and installed kitchen, which is included in the price. But if customers want to check CMR’s showroom, they would build these w oodworks according to their new specifications. So the added cost will then be charged to the contractor. After an increase in CMR prices, Blackstone transferred this increase to subcontractors, so impacting considerably their margins and making CMR looked as a too expensive product. This issue to some extent contributed to the clash with Blackstone. Also, internal miscommunication had played a part in this episode. Marcus had implemented a software system for the company, called InfoCentral, and insisted that the residential team use InfoCentral for all internal communications. But it did not work out the way he expected. The system is not frequently updated as required by the employees. The business relations between the two companies started well and was fulfilling for both part. Revenues from Blackstone represent a significant part of revenue growth of the year. However, when the business expended, so did the problems. What was more disappointing was that CMR had shown a weak ma nagement of its relationship with this big client and several operational failures that need to be controlled. Within CMR Enterprises, revenue is generated at different rates in the different segments. Commercial business is responsible for 82% of the revenues generated by the firm, leaving just 18% to residential. Not only do they generate revenue at different rates, but profit is generated at different rates as well. According to the CMR Enterprises Factsheet, SG&A Costs were $2,900,000. If we distribute these costs according to percent of revenue generated across the CMR’s business segments, we see that the commercial segment provided a Net Profit of $1,124,152 for a Net Margin of 15.5%, while the residential segment provided a Net Profit of $87,632 for a Net Margin of 5.4%. Blackstone’s Net margin of 5.7% is actually greater than the Net Margin for the residentialsegment without Blackstone. Net Profit from Blackstone for the year was $17,235. In the second scenario, SG&A costs were assigned in a different way. Indirect labor was assigned to the corresponding segment. SG&A expenses besides indirect labor were then distributed to the segments according to percent of revenue generated. This tells a different story. Whereas in the first scenario the commercial segment was responsible for almost 10% more Net Margin; in the second scenario, residential Net Profit was $274,632 for a Net Margin of 17.2%, while commercial Net Profit was $937,152 for a Net Margin of 13.9%. In this scenario Net Margin from Blackstone is only 13.3% of revenue, which is below the average for residential. The cause of the difference between the scenarios is the high number of administrative personnel assigned to commercial work. From the CMR Enterprises Factsheet, we see that there are 43 administrative personnel, of which only 4 are dedicated to residential work. This leaves 39 employees working on commercial work at an average of $50,000 per year, a total of $1.9 million dollars. Scenario 2 captures this more fully, placing a more realistic percentage of SG&A costs onto the commercial segment. Blackstone’s profitability is slightly less than that of the commercial business, and nearly 4% less than the residential business. Terminating the relationship with Blackstone would be a good choice in the situation for CMR Enterprises. It is obvious that Blackstone provides a significant amount of residential business, which means a substantial cash contribution to support CMR’s other business like commercial work. Especially in the initial partnership, CMR first grabbed residential market share and earned 25% more of its residential business and Blackstone benefited from CMR’s expertise and correction. However, some potential loss shows the general trend that CMR benefit less and less in the partnership with Blackstone. First, CMR acquires more profit per shop hour in commercial business than residential work. According to Exhibit 7b, the highest residential revenue per shop hour of $48.13 is less profitable than the lowest commercial revenue per shop hour. Even though we recommend letting Blackstone go as a client, the residential business on a whole is profitable and should be kept. It is integral to the companies’ core values, and provides a valuable link to the community. Moving forward with franchising efforts, however, we would advise sticking to commercial business. If CMR is to attempt to make headway into new markets, it would be advantageous to proceed with a strategy that is more singular in focus. CMR has had success implementing their InfoCentral tool in their commercial business, and it seems that they have a good business model going forward. Trying to replicate the success that they’ve had with the residential business would add unwanted complexity to their business model. CMR’s current residential customer base is there as a result of years of loyalty and good service from Mike’s Cabinets. This loyalty would not exist in a new market.

Managed Globalization Essay

While imperialist thinking wreaks havoc around the world, the trend toward greater globalization offers hope, provided that adequate efforts are made to ensue that globalization is managed well. Globalization is the most popular trend in international economics. Increasing integration of world markets and exchanges of information and technology are definitely expected to help the least developed nations, thereby bridging the gap between the haves and the have-nots. Thus, the thesis of Bhagwati’s book, â€Å"In Defense of Globalization† – that, in fact, globalization helps the poorest people of the world – must be agreed with. After all, foreign direct investments are an extraordinary boost for the economies of the developing world. Moreover, by importing and exporting more goods and services than before, a developing nation may very well increase its income and also improve the standard of living of its peoples. It is generally believed that an increase in international trade is accompanied by an increase in income inequality, seeing that the majority of the people in developing nations are poor and cannot afford to purchase relatively expensive foreign goods in the local market, nor form gigantic enterprises to sell to the foreign public. Furthermore, globalization involves the risk of foreign companies taking advantage of the undeveloped regulatory structures in developing nations. As an example, a foreign water company in Argentina, after the mass privatization of Argentinian business, was said to have been very ethical before it entered Argentina. The company had connections with France and the United States. All the same, the company turned to poor service in Argentina soon after privatization. The water company was eventually taken over by the Argentinian government for its careless, irresponsible behavior. If managed correctly, though, globalization is expected to help our world in significant ways. The famous observation of Thomas Friedman must also be considered in this analysis: â€Å"No two countries with McDonald’s have fought a war against each other since each got its McDonald’s. † Indeed, peace is conducive to global economic growth. But, so is equality. Even though the gap between the haves and the have-nots has been widening in recent years, good management of globalization may work wonders for the global economy. BOOK REFERENCES Bhagwati, J. N. (2004). In Defense of Globalization. New York: Oxford University Press. Friedman, T. L. (2000). The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Understanding Globalization. New York: Anchor Books. WEBSITES Hacher, S. (2007). Argentina Water Privatization Scheme Runs Dry. Global Policy Forum. Retrieved from http://globalpolicy. igc. org/socecon/bwi=wto/wbank/2004/0226argwater. htm.

Aspects of Connected Speech in British English Thesis

Aspects of Connected Speech in British English - Thesis Example 170). According to this school of thought, a new English speaker must master the weak forms in order to understand and communicate properly. If new speakers do not master the weak forms, according to this theory, the words will sound unintelligible and unfocused (Leanez & Waasaf, p. 170). The competing theory is that the mastery of weak forms is not necessary for adequate communication, but is, rather, only useful for perception (Leanez & Waasaf, p. 171). In other words, one can understand a foreign speaker who does not use weak forms, but the perception of that speaker is affected by this. Roach states that there are forty such words in the English language and, while it is possible for an individual to not use the weak form of any of the words, it is unadvisable to do so, because doing so makes the speaker sound unnatural (Roach, 1998, p. 102). Roach states that the second reason why an individual must learn the weak forms is because it aids in comprehension – since most speakers use these forms, it is necessary for the non-native speaker to learn them so that he or she can understand what she is hearing (Roach, 1998, p. 102). Roach also states that most of these forty words are function words – prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs and the like, and their weak forms are more prominent than their strong forms (Roach, 1998, p. 102). Examples of weak form words are the, a, and, but, that, than, his, her, your, him, her, he, she, we, you, them, us, at, for, from, of, to, as, some, there, can, shall, should, as, have, must, do, does (Roach, 1998, pp. 103-108). The weak form words may also be used in a strong form. According to Leanez and Waasaf, the accent, position and phonetic environment of the syllable determines if the syllable is going to be used in its weak or strong form (Leanez & Waasaf, p. 170). Some of Roach’s rules for discerning whether a

Media plan for carpooling in Qatar Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Media plan for carpooling in Qatar - Coursework Example At the end if the program, every probable customer within the region should be aware of the ride-share. The organization will recognize its customers as the first practice. Then the organization will encourage satisfaction amongst the customers. Lastly, the company intends to use a number of methods to retain the customers. Quality service provision and effective resources will be used as the main factors for promoting continuity among the customers. Indeed, customers will be willing to be served by the entities that provide outstanding services. The media plan is set to be implemented with decreasing intensity from the first time as the process continues. In the beginning, the marketing will take place in all the identified media to relay its intentions daily. The main media houses identified will be used as conduit to relay information to their subscribers through television broadcasts and radio announcements for the first three months. After the first operation of frequent announcements and broadcasts via the identified media, the company intends to advertise twice per month in the subsequent months. Finally the company will be advertising in a sequence of three months. Through its Instagram account, the company intends communicating the images of its products such as cars to the public. Most customers are attracted with whatever they see and this will form a successful means of advertisement. This will form the main form of advertisement since the current trends favor animations in the marketing industry. The main advantage of animations as advertisement tools are the comics involved and the reality depicted besides the outstanding fictions. Targeting the cinema halls is important since it reaches the potential customers

Putting on a Rock n Reggae Concert Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Putting on a Rock n Reggae Concert - Essay Example The event will be staged at Marley Memorial Field, Florida, USA. The concept is to attract interest from students, local residents and music fans throughout the region to these types of music. The specific objectives of the concert include promotion of cultural activities in the town, attract tourists, and increase awareness about the town and Marley Memorial Field as an events destination. It also hopes to engage music enthusiast as well as the general public to watch and rock with the bands. The objective is achievable and attainable with the support of local officials of Florida. Through the help of all involved, it can be realistically achieved with the limited resources. There is sufficient time to plan, market and execute the rock and reggae concert. Rock and reggae is a common combination in the production of albums and concerts. In fact, there are many rock-reggae bands or rock bands that perform ska and reggae. Ska is a faster version of reggae. Reggae is known to have origi nated from African beat as popularized in Jamaica by blacks also of African origin. The music is characterized by bass hook and the emphasized drum or percussion beats (Barrow and Dalton, 1997). Rock is a very popular and major music genre. It is so wide the label is considered an umbrella label for many sub-genres from punk, metal, blues, rock’n roll, to alternative, and many considered popular and middle of the road music. It is one of the most consistently supported genre of music with its own loyal audience, listeners, and fans. Some of rock music’s followers were so drawn to the genre and the musicians they emulate their images such as way of clothing, hairstyle and even lifestyle. RHCP is one of the more enduring bands that emerged from the early 1990s whose music continues evolving. Their music is sometimes labeled funk-rock for its sexy undertone, and many of their singles are considered radio-friendly, and they provide stunts during stage performances, making them one of the more sought-after live rock band performers until more recently (Prato, 2007). Section 2 – Work Breakdown Structure Booking of Performers The priority for this event is to invite and convince the Red Hot Chili Pepper rock band and Sly & Robbiereggae duo to perform in this event with minimal/lower than their usual talent fees. The concert management may convince the talent performers that this event is one way of promoting the said music because not everyone appreciatesthem.That through live performance, the people may appreciate the creativeness of these music genres. After being able to book the major talents or celebrities, the next work to be done is to recruit local music groups to perform for free. Same approach as above shall be employed. In addition, they will also be given a rare chance to perform with the famous music artist of these genres, and be promoted in various multi-media as well. These will eventually make their group more popular in the stat e. Once the performers are lined-up, the rest shall follow and much easier to handle. Booking of Venue and Other Event Needs Once performers are confirmed, the venue must be found. The appropriate one will be the Marley Memorial Field, a high school football stadium with a capacity of 8000. Since the concert will be held on summer, an open space such as a stadium is applicable.Permits and licenses must also be secured in order to coordinate security and police force within the locality. Sound system, lighting, and

Corporate Governance Approaches Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Corporate Governance Approaches - Essay Example The stakeholders within this form of corporate governance are basically the employees of a company and, thus, they are given prime priority in making corporate choices (Vaaler and Burkhard 621). State ownership as an approach of corporate governance refers to the state control of industries, assets and enterprises. The state control in the state ownership corporate governance transcends all levels of governance. This means that at national, municipal and community levels, the state takes full ownership of its corporations (Charreaux and Philippe 113). State ownership is normally achieved through nationalization, which is a process of transforming the ownership of assets by making them state owned. The major characteristic of shareholder capitalism form of corporate governance is the fact that the top management or executives of companies are monitored through rewards and penalties which are market-based (Vaaler and Burkhard 629). This is demonstrated by the fact that company executiv es are rewarded in accordance to the profitability and general performance of the company. This approach to corporate governance, therefore, leads to committed effort among company executives and making of decisions which are focused on profitability and high performance of the company. The motivation that top executives derive from performance based compensation is absent in the stakeholder approach to corporate governance. In countries such as China where the stakeholder approach of corporate governance is applied, company top executives are poorly paid which makes them less motivated to apply their leadership skills into the successful attainment of company goals, vision and mission (Charreaux and Philippe 108). In this sense, it is argued that the shareholder approach to corporate governance is a more appropriate method of management of companies. State ownership approach to corporate governance is characterized to corporations which are owned by the government in which the stak e of the shares is wholly owned by the government. The state owned corporations and enterprises may not be focused at generating profits. However, profit making ventures may be run within government entities (Vaaler and Burkhard 624). The state owned enterprises demonstrate a sharp contrast with both the shareholder and stakeholder approaches of corporate governance which are purely focused in the generation of profit. The state ownership approach, therefore, makes corporations to be less competitive in the market. On the other hand, shareholder and stakeholder corporate governance of companies makes them very competitive in their production and supply of various goods and services (Charreaux and Philippe 125). The similarity between the shareholders and stakeholder forms of corporate governance include their commercial manner of operation. This similarity is not shared with state ownership in which corporations may not be run for commercial gain but for the sake of providing essent ial services to the public. Government ownership of companies is also different from the stakeholders and shareholder capitalism because of its monopolistic nature within the market (Vaaler and Burkhard 637). The state ownership form of corporate governance is, therefore, the least effective form of governance of com

WHEN sTORIES sHAPE lIVES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WHEN sTORIES sHAPE lIVES - Essay Example d when she met Carson Gueye, the first time her mother allowed her to go the market alone, and love blossomed since then, though they knew it was doomed love. Carson was a market worker. He did anything he could for people inside it, like carrying boxes and cleaning stalls. He was an orphan, but an old man, Chan Mo-wan, took him in. In the market, the noise and nauseating odors of men and butchered animals that Shiniang used to hate were gone. Instead, she saw human life and freedom. More than that, she saw Carson. He was sixteen, but already he hovered over others with his 5’11 height and large frame. Shiniang blushed, for he caught her staring at him. Shiniang ran, or rather, stumbled away, nearly falling on women on the floor selling dried fish. She dared look back, and Carson was still there, with a smile on his dark brown eyes. Shiniang was about to go home, hardly able to carry what she bought, when Carson helped her. Their arms brushed and their eyes met. What they saw inside each other’s eyes married their souls. Afterwards, Shiniang and Carson found ways to be together. Young love was not assuring, however. Shiniang once confided to Carson that her cousin, Li-Wang, committed suicide to avoid arranged marriage. It was not new news for many young women killed themselves to oppose arranged marriages (Man 123). Carson asked Shiniang to never do the same thing. Shiniang shook her head: â€Å"I’d rather die than marry a stranger.† Carson kissed Shiniang for the first time on the lips. Their love was doomed, but loyal nonetheless. Shiniang raked her mind, trying to find a solution to her problem, until one story gave her a fitting solution. Uncle Chow Li-Bao was angry when he came to their house years ago. His daughter, Hsien-Hsien, was supposed to be married to a rich trader, when her lover kidnapped her. Marriage by kidnapping was looked down in their community, but it was effective (Zhongyi 58). Risking her own life, Shiniang escaped and found Carson.

12 angry men Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

12 angry men - Essay Example It is only juror no. 8, who offers a dissenting opinion and queries all the prosecutor’s evidences against the defendant. He goes to an extent of purchasing a knife that is akin to the one presented as murder evidence in a bid to convince fellow jurors that the prosecutor’s claim of â€Å"unique† was misplaced. The dissenting juror finally manages to influence the opinion of the entire jury and drag them into the world of â€Å"reasonable doubt†. However, his reasons seem quite ludicrous. By making his queer judgments about the witnesses and pronouncing outrageous claims to disown them, juror number 8 appears quite bizarre. The juror goes ahead to disown another key witness who heard the crime taking place by asserting the claim that the old man probably made up his story to boost his ego. It is funny how the dissenting juror finally manages to get the other 11 jurors, who were initially convinced that the accused is guilty of murder, into his ship where reasonable doubt dictates all the evidence against the accused. The ruling of the jury is similarly interesting. The jurors unanimously make certain witness and evidence assumptions and conclude that the defendant is not guilty of murder. It is apparent that the other jurors arrive at this conclusion as an escape from looming argume nt with juror number 8. In my opinion, the jury made a big mistake. The defendant should have been held guilty for the offense. Since when has a juror become an investigator in a case over which he presides? When operating in accordance with the law, jurors are barred from performing their own investigations in cases. As such, Juror number 8 should have been substituted with another juror if the other eleven members of the jury had reported him trying to conduct his own investigation. By failing to abide by the requirement of the law, the entire jury appears to have seriously

THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHRISTIANITY Essay

THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHRISTIANITY - Essay Example According to Hauer and Young (1998), â€Å"On one point, devout Christians were obdurate in their resistance to Roman policy which encouraged the cult of the divine emperor. The cult of the emperor was more popular in the Roman provinces than in the Rome itself. It was also highly admired in the provinces than it was in the divine kingship of the eastern Mediterranean† (pp. 338). The Romans were initially threatened by Christianity because leaders who stood and believed in the status quo did not encourage any shift of power from one social group to another. In fact, a shift in power would amount to quite big problems. It all boiled down to money. Without enough people to make sacrifices at the temple cultus, people who worked in the temples and made money as moneychangers in the temples did not make money off to Christians, who refused to participate due to the new wave of thinking brought in by Christianity; Christians were viewed as overly exclusive and hence dangerous to the society in general and public order. Christians had no respect for other gods and they therefore refrained from public festivals that were meant to honor public deities. In fact, they never worshiped state gods and the imperial cult. They neither worshiped nor recognized the emperor as the leader of religion. This turned out to be unfortunate for the Romans, who wanted to stay powerful. Therefore, were treated with suspicion and regarded as stubborn and somewhat subversive to the State solidarity. Christianity and Graeco-Roman humanism share many common elements: For instance, they both focus upon fellowship and humane treatment of people and animals. However, Christianity is not as cultic as much as the Graeco-Roman humanistic religious perspective. Christianity is also much more religious in terms of being focused upon the deity of Jesus than the Graeco-Roman humanism was focused upon any particular deity, although several deities were

Turkish invasion of Cyprus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Turkish invasion of Cyprus - Essay Example Even before the conflict, the tension arose when the Cyprus Convention, on the basis of which Britain 'leased' the island, lost much of its relevance for some reasons, foremost of which was the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire. However there is a background of the conflict followed by the year 1878, when Cyprus was offered to the British, the Turkish sultans expected them to build a strong naval base on the island, which could be used as a deterrent against possible Russian attacks on the Asian parts of the Ottoman Empire (Borowiec: 24). This project was never realized thus never fulfilled. Despite high claims and loud voices in Britain that demanded an end to colonial rule in Cyprus, the Convention was never abrogated, resulting in the economic disaster in Cyprus. After the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, it was felt that the time was not favourable for the Cyprus government as the Turkish government had just relaxed its negotiating position linking free access to Ayios Theodhoros with Artemis Road (Hart: 47). It had also, instructed its permanent representative to the United Nations to thank Secretary-General for his efforts in obtaining the release of Denkta, and to state Ankara's acceptance of the UNFICYP timetable for the phased resumption of police patrols to the village, provided UNFICYP returned the Kophinou police compound to Turkish Cypriot police and redoubled its efforts to settle the Artemis Road situation. The attitude of the Turkish Government was warlike because for months the Demirel administration had been focusing its attention on internal development projects, many involving U.S. economic assistance. However the advance deployment of heavy weaponry and Greek mainland troops were indicating something fishy not only, in battalion strength, around Skarinou, but throughout the island. When the Cyprus crises erupted in 1964, Turkey found itself deprived to get U.S. support, at that time Ankara thought of reapproaching Arabs with a hope that would pay off. However the Arabs instead supported Greece with arms and weapons against the Turkish Cypriot minority (Nachmani: 14). Turkey while depicting such attitude of Middle East as the Arab betrayal, tried to shake hands with the Western world. Conflicts and threats during and after Turkish invasion The political aspirations of the Cypriot leaders were to inspire Cypriots towards either Greece or Turkey instead of creating a mutual concern for the unity of their nation and for their own self-preservation as Cypriots. The dominant feeling that remained long after the invasion among Turkish Cypriots was that the internationally recognized government of Cyprus has not represented the interests of the island's Turkish community. Indeed, it was observed that except minor exceptions, particularly after the invasion, Greek Cypriots regarded Turkish Cypriots as enemies rather than as compatriots. Greeks never considered them as their equal partners due to which systematic economic blockade of the Turkish areas by the Greek side were theoretically intended to 'punish' Turkey (Borowiec: 8). Distances between Greeks and Turks remained wider and therefore alienated the minority that was supposed to share the island with the Greeks. However despite the elements that separated two Cypriot

Shaken Baby Syndrome Essay Example for Free

Shaken Baby Syndrome Essay 1.Explain the different forms of child abuse? Include Shaken Baby Syndrome in your response. The four different forms of child abuse are physical, emotional, sexual abuse, and neglect. Physical abuse is violence that is directed toward a child or an adolescent by a parent, adult, or guardian. Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) is an even more severe form of physical abuse that can be very dangerous if not deadly. Shaken Baby Syndrome is when a baby or a small child is shaken in such a violent way that there is damage to their bones, organs, brain, or even enough damage to cause death. Emotional abuse is when a child feels worthless or rejected to the acts of another adult or guardian but is not physically harmed. Sexual abuse is when someone is sexually explicit towards a child, shows a child pornography, or if a person’s genitals are exposed to a child. Neglect is when a parent is neglectful to a child. This is when the parent doesn’t put their child in school, doesn’t feel, clothe, or clean a child, or to fail to care for their child’s needs. 2.What types of physical care must a parent provide for an infant child? For an infant child, a parent must provide ALL of their child’s physical needs such as being bathed, changing their diapers, dressing and feeding their child, etc. 3.What are some strategies for helping a child cope with stress? Some strategies for helping a child cope with stress are to communicate with the child, learning what creates the stress for the child and help them figure out ways to cope with what creates the stress, create a stable and free of violence home environment for the child, and to not take your frustrations out on your child.

Teenage Pregnancy: Health and Social Issue Analysis

Teenage Pregnancy: Health and Social Issue Analysis Today teenage pregnancy is evolving as a serious problem all over the world. It defines as getting pregnant below eighteen years. Researches reveal that almost fifteen million teen pregnancies occur every year. These teen pregnancies are mostly common in developing countries where teenagers lack parental monitoring and they are unaware of modern birth control methods. Many teenagers plan to get pregnant, but mostly do not. Unplanned pregnancies occur at all levels of age, creed, and race with a particular negative impact among teenage population. Teen pregnancy is an important social problem and as well as a major health issue, that need to reduce because of the negative consequences that it bears on teenagers. They are at risk of conception and many sexually transmitted infections. On fearing the medical procedures and parental responses, they hide the fact of pregnancy and therefore are at more risk of its severe consequences. They did not receive parental care on time. Moreover, studies shows that teenagers are psychologically immature and unstable and the additional stress of pregnancy on them brings up negative results. In 2000, â€Å"The Health of Nation† failed to reduce the rate of teen pregnancies. Another policy set the target to halve the rate by 2010. In order to achieve the target, many other policies were set based on researches especially on focusing the importance of parental monitoring and use of contraception. Recent literature on teen pregnancy prevention mostly focuses on parental monitoring. Role of parents in this issue is crucial. They are responsible for educating their children and providing them enough knowledge about the negative consequences of teen pregnancies. The rate of teen pregnancies is high especially among those who suffer from poor education in their childhood. Another interest that lies on the parent’s role in reducing the unplanned teen pregnancies is by talking openly with the teens about this issue through several controversies exist on whether it increases the sexual activity or vice versa (DiClemente, 2001). The studies mainly focus on parental monitoring in order to prevent teen pregnancies because the effectiveness of the parental influence in attitude, knowledge, and behavior among their children lower the teen’s risk of adolescent pregnancy. Research shows that higher parental monitoring decreases the sexual activity and avoids unplanned pregnancies in teens. Parental monitoring has a positive effect on healthy adolescent development. Influence of parental role and relation between parenthood and teen pregnancy is clear in this issue. In order to have an effect or successful outcome of parental monitoring, not only teenagers but parents also need education to monitor effectively without being overprotective. They need education to talk efficiently to their children about birth control methods, safe sex, and sexually transmitted diseases. The parents need to focus on their views and concepts about sex education and find out if they are comfortable and know how to talk to their children. Identification of adolescent females who are usually at high risk of getting unplanned pregnancies is the key to prevention. Parents require education no matter the setting of teen is at the primary care office, clinic, school, or emergency rooms. Further research needs to be done for improving parental skills and their outcomes. Nationally, the teen pregnancies are increasing at a staggering rate. However, some appropriate programs help in preventing these pregnancies among the teenagers. There are federal laws for promoting abstinence only education and providing funding for these programs based on abstinence. Such programs not only help to prevent the teen pregnancies but they positively correlate with decrease in the amount of unplanned pregnancies and births among teenagers. The recent literature study of Stanger-Hall and Hall in 2011 reveals that the most effective approach is the ‘level 1 style’ that provides comprehensive safe sex education and STD education. It covers the use of birth control methods and abstinence. The Nurse Practitioners (NPs) are confident in educating parents about the positive impacts of these programs in preventing teen pregnancies (Stanger-Hall, 2011). Several intervention based programs need to help prevent the unplanned pregnancies in the adolescent. Some of the interventions require coming from the parents at home or office of primary care provider. It is the job of NPs to identify those adolescents, who show high-risk behavior in these pregnancies. The NPs need to ensure the confidentiality of their patients and develop the trusting relationship with them. They need to give education to the parents efficiently and refer them to the websites or groups regarding teen pregnancy prevention. Contraception or the use of contraceptive methods is another way of preventing teen pregnancies. Research shows that most of the unplanned pregnancies among the teenagers are due the fact that they are either unaware of using contraceptive methods or they do not use contraception consistently. Free contraceptives available and provided for high and middle school students within schools around the world help in preventing the great amount of teen pregnancies. However, these schools preferred to give contraceptives to only those children who have their parents’ permission (Shoupe, 2007). A comprehensive education on safe sex has successful effects on the use of contraception. The Family Growth National Survey reveals that teenagers who receive safe sex education that includes contraception and prevention from sexually transmitted diseases, are less likely to have unplanned pregnancies. Contraception such as birth controls and condoms offered at affordable or discounted prices may help to reduce teen pregnancies. The effective and appropriate use of contraception will contract sexually transmitted diseases. It will not encourage the teenagers to have sex but will lower the risk of unplanned teen pregnancies. School-based health centers or SBHCs is a great community resource for adolescents to provide friendly primary care services to this population. More SBHCs need across the nation to open in order to release their restrictions of providing contraceptive services. Intervention based programs are changing the sexual education standards which means to change some of the laws at the federal, state, and local level. The new standards of National Sexuality Education released in 2001 focus on changing the federal, state, and local laws. Social programs started with the purpose of preventing teen pregnancies began to disappear slowly. US administration provides some limited financial investment only for evidence based programs. Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Programs and other programs like Planned Parenthood help to prevent the teen pregnancies by providing low cost or free birth control and contraception to teenagers (Bennett, 2005). In this way, service providers implement these programs effectively and successfully. They are developing new strategies and polices that will prevent unplanned teen pregnancies. In conclusion, teen pregnancy is preventable that is a major social and health issue burdening many communities around the world. Early comprehensive and effective safe sex education including parental monitoring and contraceptive prevention is the important key that needs to start by the parents at home and reinforced continually at school and primary care office.

Anysys Fluent Simulation Of Turbulent Flow Engineering Essay

Anysys Fluent Simulation Of Turbulent Flow Engineering Essay The characteristics of fluid flow with sudden expansion in a 1:2 diameter ratio pipe are investigated using ANSYS Fluent. Results show fluid re-circulates just after expansion, length of recirculation zone approximates to 0.35m. Velocity, turbulence intensity and pressure vary along pipe length in accordance with Bernoullis principle. Influence of change in turbulence models on accuracy is also investigated with the Reynolds Stress model providing the relatively best fit although other turbulence models (realizable k-ÃŽÂ µ and SST k-à Ã¢â‚¬ °) provide reasonably close fitting models. Results were checked for mesh independence and validated. Computational Fluid dynamics (CFD) involves computational simulation of fluid flows in different situations employing numerical solution of basic flow equations e.g. the continuity equation and other equations over a discretized unit reference (Versteeg, and Malalasekera, 2007). The usage of CFD transcends the traditional scope of chemical engineering profession into wider areas such as oceanography, biomedical engineering electrical circuitry, etc (Fairweather, 2011). Sudden expansion in pipes involves fluid flow from a smaller hydraulic diameter to a larger one. Flow separation usually occurs in a sudden expansion scenario, where a part of the fluid flows in opposition to the main fluid flow. This are called eddies, and are strong contributors to the irreversibility of practical flows as energy is dissipated by this eddies. Thus it is of great significance to be able to model eddies in a sudden expansion flow adequately and observe the characteristics of this recirculation zone (efluids, 2011; Gharegbagi and Ali, 2011; Mahmud, 2011: Roy, et al 2010). Sudden expansion is a simple looking but intriguing case of fluid flow in pipes. Sanmiguel-Rojas (2010) implies that not many significant studies have been done on instabilities encountered in steady, turbulent, sudden expansion fluid flow with respect to spatial structure of piping with D2/D1 = 2. However, previous remarkable work in this field includes Roy, et al (2010) and Mansoori and Bazargan-Lari (2007). Examples of scenarios in which the above phenomenon occurs include; Flows into a tank, oil drilling and extraction, plug flow reactors, combustion engines, aerodynamics, etc. Software ANSYS Fluent is a commercial CFD package that models flow via the finite-volume method (a variation of the finite difference method) created by the company Fluent (now part of ANSYS Inc.). Pre-processing of the case study (meshing) was done on Gambit which comes along with Fluent (now ICEM). The version of Fluent employed in this report is 12.1 (CFD-online, 2011; Weidner, 2011; ANSYS, 2009). This report covers the Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) modelling of turbulent flow with sudden expansion in a 1: 2 diameter piping, using the pressure based solver and the second order upwind difference scheme in ANSYS Fluent. Effects of changes in turbulence models on computational time, and accuracy would be examined, visual plots would be used to describe and analyse modelling results. SIMULATION METHODOLOGY Fig 1: diagrammatic representation of simulation process (Fairweather, 2011) Nature of Fluid flow under consideration Calculating the Reynolds number of the flow helps to determine the nature of the flow. At Normal Temperature and pressure (P = 101.325 kgm-2, T = 288.16 K) Generally it is accepted that flows with a Reynolds number (Re) > 4000 are turbulent in nature. Therefore it is established that the flow under consideration is a turbulent flow Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) RANS involves the time averaging of the equations that govern turbulent fluid flow to capture information on variations that occur on a minute scale while avoiding horrendously lengthy computation times. RANS represents variations as a mean such that ; ; ; and P RANS is employed in obtaining the equations that were numerically solved in this report assuming constant velocity and viscous flows (Fairweather, 2011). Geometry: The geometry consists of two pipes of diameter ratio 1:2 joined together through which fluid flows with no bends as shown below Fig 2: geometry of pipe showing mesh grid/mesh discretization Governing Equations Continuity equation: Momentum equation (x-direction only) Where:; ; ; ; ; ; TURBULENCE MODELS Realizable k-ÃŽÂ µ model The k-ÃŽÂ µ model is a two equation model that assumes a linear relationship between Reynolds stress and rate of strain. It has the advantages of fast computation time, wide usage and extensive validation. However, it predicts badly the length of eddies for complex flows. The realizable k-ÃŽÂ µ model is an update to the model based on observed strengths and weaknesses of the standard k-ÃŽÂ µ model (Fairweather, 2011; ANSYS, 2009). Below is a mathematical representation of the standard k-ÃŽÂ µ model Where: ÃŽÂ ¦ = k or ÃŽÂ µ; SÃŽÂ ¦=source term for k or ÃŽÂ µ; Sk= G-à Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µ (production rate of k-destruction rate of k); SÃŽÂ µ= (C1G-C2à Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µ)(ÃŽÂ µ/k) = (production rate of k-destruction rate of k) ; N.B. for this simulation: ; and SST k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° model The k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° model is also a two equation model based on the Wilcox k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° model. It is suitable for wall bounded flows and free shear flows as it performs low Reynolds number corrections, computation time is relatively fast and accuracy is better than the k-ÃŽÂ µ model in most cases. à Ã¢â‚¬ ° is specific dissipation rate and is analogous to a ratio of ÃŽÂ µ/k. The SST k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° model is an improved version of the standard k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° model (ANYSYS, 2009). Reynolds Stress Model This is a very rigorous model, with seven equations unlike the preceding 2-equation models. It provides more accuracy where other models are faulty e.g. impinging flows and can predict fluid flow for a lot of cases closely without any dedicated / individual adjustments. However, computing costs are large (Fairweather, 2011) The first six equations of the RSM model can be condensed into the equation below Where: ; ; ; The seventh equation (turbulence dissipation rate) is N.B. in this simulation: ; and Numerical methods The discretization employed is the finite volume method. It is a variant of the finite difference method. This scheme splits up the domain into discrete control volumes over which the control equations are resolved using a truncated Taylor series expansion. Finite volume method is the most established of Discretization schemes in CFD modelling. Convective fluxes were evaluated with the second order upwind-difference scheme (Fairweather, 2011; Versteeg, and Malalasekera, 2007). Boundary conditions Table 1: boundary conditions for numeric solution (adapted from Versteeg, and Malalasekera, 2007) Realizable k- ÃŽÂ µ model SST k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° model Reynold Stress model Inlet k = 0.01148438 m2s-2 ÃŽÂ µ = 0.02888982 m2s-3 k = 0.1148438 m2s-2 à Ã¢â‚¬ °= 27.95085 Rij = ÃŽÂ µ = Outlet ; ; ; Interior k = 0 ; ÃŽÂ µ = 0 k = 0 ; à Ã¢â‚¬ ° = 0 Rij = 0 ; ÃŽÂ µ = 0 Walls law of the wall Law of the wall Wall functions Convergence criteria and levels For all the equations solved by each model, a uniform convergence criterion of 1.0 x 10-4 was used for every equation solved. The value represented an informed compromise between acceptable accuracy and realistic computation time (ANYSYS, 2009). It is worthy of note that for the RSM model, this relatively stringent criterion caused the number of iterations to exceed 14,000 without any obvious improvement in results as shown in fig 2. Therefore a cap of 4,000 iterations was placed on the RSM calculations. Results show there was no ensuing negative impact on accuracy of numerical solution. Fig 3: Iteration length for RSM model showing Mesh Independence test The table below shows that results from the modelling experiment are similar and essentially the same within three (3) decimal places of precision irrespective of mesh size employed. Also since assurance of mesh independence cannot be guaranteed by mere reduction in cell size (Sloan et al, 1986), an attempt was made at adaptive meshing to attenuate important flow variations and phenomenon with the same results obtained. Table 2: Grid/Mesh independence of simulation Gambit Mesh/Grid size Volume of unit cells Mass flow rate at inlet [kgs-1] Mass flow rate at Pressure-outlet [kgs-1] Error Percentage Difference (%) 5 439,993 0.016809944 0.016809996 -5.22E-08 3.09 x 10-4 7 163,311 0.01678467 0.016784551 1.19E-07 7.08 x 10-4 10 55,182 0.016728994 0.016729204 2.1E-07 1.255 x 10-3 10b 100,693 0.016728994 0.016728895 -9.9E-08 5.9 x 10-4 15 16,750 0.016609019 0.016608695 -3.24E-07 1.95 x 10-3 N.B. 10 b means mesh size 10 with boundary layer mesh added (adaptive meshing) Grid optimization (Mesh finesse Vs Time trade off) The greater the volume of unit cells in grid per geometry, the better the accuracy of numeric analysis. However, within the scope of grid independence, results are relatively uniform irrespective of mesh size. The cost of finesse of grid is computation time could be noticed with the case of mesh size 5 (439,993 cells) which took almost forever to compute using the RSM model and had to be terminated. Thus mesh 10 (55,182 cells) and 10b (100,693 cells) were employed for analysis with other mesh sizes serving as validation checks RESULTS AND ANALYSIS Part 1 Taking a close look at flow close to the walls of the pipe, we see the effect of sudden expansion resulting in backflow of fluid creating velocities in the opposite direction (red box). Recirculation zone is approximately 0.37m in length. We also can see how the fluid adjust to changes in geometry with a sharp rise velocity to fill the voids created by liquid moving backwards then a gradual decrease as pressure pile us towards the exit of the pipe Fig 4: velocity variation along length of pipe close to the walls showing effects of recirculation Fig 6 shows the variation in turbulence intensity. It can be seen that the flow becomes more turbulent around the recirculation zone with dead (stagnant) flow occurring just at the corners of the pipe. Fig 7: displays the total pressure variations in the pipe. It can be noted that sudden expansion causes a drop in total fluid pressure. Fig 8 shows the radial velocity and profile. It can be noted that velocity variation in the radial direction is minimal, which is typical of plug fluid flow depicted by fig 5. Fig 9 is a streamline plot of axial velocity, velocity variation along the axial direction is more dominant than in the radial direction, also worthy of note is the length of the recirculation zone (black box) and the reattachment zone. Fig 5: stages of flow development at different positions on pipe length Fig 6: Turbulence intensity profile of fluid along length of pipe Fig 7: Total pressure profile of fluid along length of pipe Fig 8: Radial velocity profile of fluid Fig 9: streamline plot of axial velocity of fluid Part 2 Fig10(a-c) shows axial velocity profiles for different turbulent models in order of increasing complexity (realizable k-ÃŽÂ µ à ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ ¶ SST k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° à ¢Ã… ¸Ã‚ ¶ RSM). Curves get smother showing a more gradual response of the fluid to changes and also approach exact solution, as model complexity increases. However, all the essential features of the fluid flow are well represented by all models. Fig 11(a-c) displays turbulence intensity variations, more variation details are captured as model increases in complexity. Worthy of note is that the SST k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° model provides a more detailed picture of turbulent intensity variation in reference to the other models picking up intensities as low as 5.42 x 10-5 %, while the realizable k-ÃŽÂ µ picks up a minimum of 0.336% and RSM 1.45% Fig 12(a-c) shows streamline plot of axial velocity, though length of recirculation zone remains approximately the same the representation of velocity magnitude in recirculation zone varies visibly for each model. Fig 13(a-c) is the radial velocity profile; the SST model indicates larger radial velocities along pipe length than both than both the realizable k-ÃŽÂ µ and the RSM models. For all models radial velocity variation is dominated by axial velocity variations Fig 10a: k-ÃŽÂ µ model Fig 10b: SST model Fig 10c: RSM model Fig 11a: k-ÃŽÂ µ model Fig 11c: RSM model Fig 11b: SST model Fig 12a: k-ÃŽÂ µ model Fig 12b: SST model Fig 12c: RSM model Fig 13a: k-ÃŽÂ µ model Fig 13b: SST model Fig 13c: RSM model VALIDATION OF RESULTS For CFD, convergence of numerical iterations does not really count for much as Versteeg and Malalasekra (2007) put it results are at best as good as the physics embodied in it, or at worst as good as the skill of the operator. Thus, validation of results becomes extremely important. The results obtained herein would be validated thus: Bernoullis equation For an ideal fluid flow Bernoullis equation enables us to calculate the velocity at any point in the pipe (assuming constant flow rate, and negligible friction losses). Therefore we can validate output velocity from fluent using this principle (Roymech, 2011). Where vin = 1.73855 ms-1, P1= 101.325 kgm-2, P2= 101.325 kgm-2, g = 9.81 ms-2; à Ã‚  =1.225 kgm-3; z1 = 0.1m; z2 = 0.1m; Therefore Mass flux variation results from Fluent The third mechanism for validation will be the CFD package fluent itself. Analysis of the computation results as presented in table 4.0, show that value of errors resulting residuals is very low (less than 0.0095%) indicating conservation of mass during numerical calculations which lend credit to suitability and accuracy of model. Table 3: comparison of percentage error of each model MODEL/mesh volume K-EPSILON (%) SST K-OMEGA (%) REYNOLD STRESS (%) 5 0.000309 0.00352 N/A 7 0.000708 0.004468363 0.000673233 10 0.001255 0.007867 0.001124 10 b 0.000153 0.00258 0.001488 15 0.00195 0.000783 0.00927 N.B. 10 b means mesh size 10 with boundary layer mesh added Research journals In addition to the above validation processes, the results of modelling experiment reported in this work were compared with previous research works such as (Roy, et al 2010), (Mansoori and Bazargan-Lai 2007) and (Teyssandiert, 1973). Results obtained corroborated foregoing analysis and results obtained it the above mentioned papers. CONCLUSION In summary, CFD modelling of sudden expansion flow in a 1:2 diameter ratio piping posses the following characteristics. Sudden expansion in pipe flow results in local pressure losses Flow fully develops into plug flow before exit at outlet and majority of the variations occur axially along reactor length Recirculation of fluid occurs after sudden expansion for a lengthspan of approximately 0.35m along pipe Viscous effects along wall boundaries help dissipate energy of turbulent eddies The realizable k-ÃŽÂ µ model predicts the size and strength of recirculation zone poorly, but as flow develops into plug flow, the models accuracy remarkably improves with reference to the other models tested. Turbulence models become better with increase in complexity of model from k-ÃŽÂ µ to SST k-à Ã¢â‚¬ ° to RSM. Ability of other models to better the k-ÃŽÂ µ model in recirculation zone prediction can be attributed to embedded corrections for boundary layer flow, turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rates.

Service Learning :: Teaching Education

Service Learning How did a departmental faculty generated 12,000 hours of student community service in one semester? The following is a qualitative analysis of conversations with faculty members in a department that recently instituted a service learning requirement for all student majors. The campus is a large urban comprehensive university with a multi-ethnic student body. Approximately fifteen faculty members were interviewed for this study. While most of those interviewed included service learning components in their courses, interviews with faculty members who resisted or refused to incorporate service learning were conducted as well in order to understand varying faculty attitudes towards service learning. BACKGROUND Following participation in an Engaged Department Institute sponsored by Campus Compact, a service-learning requirement was instituted for all majors in the department studied beginning Fall 2002. All faculty were encouraged to incorporate service-learning in their courses. A training session on service-learning was the centerpiece of a departmental retreat in January 2002. In order to develop closer relationships with community agencies, the department hosted a faculty-partnership luncheon the following fall semester. Potential community partners were invited to meet with faculty in an effort to forge new relationships with the University. In order to institutionalize service-learning, all recruitment advertisements specifically mention service-learning and all new hires are expected to include service-learning components in their courses. As a consequence of these efforts, this department has gone from teaching only a few courses with service-learning components to offering tw enty five different classes (thirteen courses) by Fall 2002. A number of facilitators helped this department achieve these accomplishments. Mini-grants available on campus funded the faculty-partnership luncheon. In addition, four faculty members were awarded mini-grants to develop service-learning components in their courses. Departmental leadership has been a very strong advocate for service-learning. Recognition from discipline enhanced the image of this department on campus when the discipline newsletter highlighted the advances in service-learning in the department. The Office of Community Service-learning was helpful in training and assisting faculty interested in developing service-learning components in their courses. The campus generally recognizes service-learning and provides awards for those involved in service-learning. Two such campus awards have been given to members of the department studied. Challenges have been encountered while implementing this requirement. For example, many faculty members do not live in the area and have no knowledge of the local community and its resources and thus have had difficulty developing community partnerships.

Personal Narrative - My Real Father Essay -- Personal Narrative Writin

My Real Father "Never forget the past†¦because it may haunt you forever. Regret all the bad things†¦cherish the good things. Look ahead always†¦but don't let the bad things from the past get in your mind." As a young child, there were so many incidents in my life that made me become the person I am today. There were rough times as well as good times. If I were to tell you all of them, I would remember half of them. I think some of my incidents really had some impact, and some were just simple ways of life. To tell you the truth, the incident that had the most impact on me has to be when my real father left me at the age of three. I never knew my father. I mean being a baby, you really have no experience or recognition of somebody else. My mother got pregnant at eighteen years of age. From what I was told, she knew my real father well enough that she wanted a child from him. As a result, she gave birth to me in April of 1981. She was so happy and glad for having her first child. My mother informed me that in the beginning she and my father lived well and tried their best to raise me. As time passed, my father was always drunk and cared less about anything. If I was sick, he never went out to buy me medicine or took care of me. He would just be drinking and complain about everything. My mother realized she was tired of him. He wasn’t good for anything. As my mother told me, he’d come from work and get into arguments and sometimes beat up on her. When it came to that point of physical abuse, she had enough of him. One day, he got into a big fight with my mom. He nearly destroyed the apartment where we lived. That night, he went to a bar and got drunk. My mother told him to never come back. Days passed and he never returned. H... ... my mother never mentioned my real father again. It’s like when we began talking about him, we just talked about the coward he was. In retrospect, now that I matured, I really don’t think about my real dad. He was just a stranger to me. I’m very proud of myself for being the type of person I wanted. I know at some point, I feel that my real dad wonders how I’m doing. I really don’t miss him at all. I mean I was able to grow up, go to school, and mature. I wish he knew where I’m at. I have all my needs, a nice step-father, a mother, shelter, food and clothing. I’m in college and at the same time working. That’s why I think for what happened in the past, I put it behind me and moved on with my life. Now, I look ahead for the future. I want to be success. I want to help my parents with money. Regardless of my past incident, I always look ahead and never turn back.

Introducing Constance Essay

In Ann-Marie MacDonald’s Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet), the audience is swept into the playful subconscious of the protagonist, Constance Ledbelly. Before she speaks, her imaginative nature is introduced by way of Act I, The Prologue. The chorus enters giving an intriguing monologue in which the first stages of an exciting transformation begin to unfold. The Prologue is so useful in that it gives indications of plot, theme, conflict and so on. All of which carry a heavy dramatic significance. However, Ann-Marie Macdonald suggests that the biggest use of The Prologue is in developing the character of Constance. The chorus begins by asking â€Å"What’s alchemy? The hoax of charlatans?† (5) In other words, is alchemy a transformation of base metals into gold, or just the trick of a fraud or phony? Can such transformation exist, not just in the mind, but also in reality? Such a statement indicates that there shall be a changing of sorts. This change is seen literally as Constance’s fountain pen is later transformed to solid gold. But this change is also seen as a transformation of character. From something plain, to something miraculous. Constance begins as a flighty, insecure, and somewhat foolish daydreamer. Some might call her a push-over. She is full of eccentricities and is not taken too seriously, dressed in her frumpy clothes. However, later after her encounters with Desdemona and Juliet, she becomes strong and opinionated. She opens herself to the possibility of embarrassment and mochary by speaking her mind, and interfering where she deems fit. The Prologue gives the audience a clue of the changes Constance will endure. Thus setting up her character. In The Prologue the chorus speaks of opposites coming together. He mentions the ‘merging of unconscious selves’ and the ‘marriage of true minds.'(6) These unconscious selves perhaps are actually Desdemona and Juliet living within Constance’s unconscious. They are parts of her. Desdemona represents the driven and somewhat violent side, and Juliet is the hopeless romantic side of Constance. These two selves are about to be brought together and made aware to Constance for the first time. â€Å"Unite these lurking shards of  broken glass into a mirror that reflects one soul.† (6) The chorus says to bring together these two sides of Constance in a way that she will see they are her own within herself. Two references are made to the Philosopher’s Stone in The Prologue. This is yet another indication of change. The Philosopher’s Stone was once believed to turn other metals into gold. The chorus announces the Gustav Manuscript as the key to Constance’s Philosopher’s Stone. â€Å"Here is the key to her Philosopher’s Stone – the psychic altar that will alter fate.† (6) Constance uses the manuscript, and her forced exploration of two of Shakespeare’s plays, (Othello, Romeo and Juliet), to discover herself. The manuscript and the events in it lead to Constance’s journey of self discovery. She accepts her likeness to the characters of Desdemona and Juliet. She realizes that the three of them are all one in the same. Gemini is the sign of twins and is often associated with split personalities. Also having two different sides to one. After removing the discard items from the wastebasket and replacing them on Constance’s desk, the chorus says, â€Å"Swift Mercury, that changing element, portrayed as Gemini, hermaphrodite and twin, now steers the stars of Constance Ledbelly, and offers her a double-edged re-birthday.† (6) Another tease that Constance’s two sides that will soon come together, and be revealed to her. Act I, The Prologue is full of dramatic significance. However it seems to be directly related to the characterization of Constance Ledbelly. By toying with the use of metaphors and clever wit, Ann-Marie MacDonald fully succeeds in her use of The Prologue to set up the main character of her play.

Save Fuel

The higher the promote, the higher the discharge consumption. tiresome round off, relax, and enjoy the ride. Driving at a moderate speed will perpetually help save can. Check channelize push. Check your tree diagram pressure regularly. Trees get pressure over time (about 1 SSI per month) due to temperature and other factors. Trees with lower pressure will have more bankroll opponent resulting In increased terminate consumption. Filling fuel The more fuel you have In your tank. The little deject occupying capacity It will have in the empty space. Petrol evaporates very fast. season filling up fuel, do non squeeze the trigger of the nozzle In a fast mode.If you are pumping on a fast rate, some of the facile that goes to your tank will become vapor. recreate with moderation. If you accelerate speedily and frequently, the less fuel you save. You should drive with required moderate speed and use your brakes less often to save fuel. Slow speed and attendance to regular bumps will serve the purpose. exercising stock tree. Before changing your tree to the modern style thick ones, figure again. The more the width, the higher the rolling resistance offered and higher the fuel consumption. Park your vehicles in shade since it will take less time for the car to cool down once you start riving again. SE gears wisely. high gears at low speed and offense versa will lead to lose of more fuel. Shift gears carefully and according to the desired speed.

Review of Mobile Presence Services in Social Network Applications

REVIEW ON runny PRESENCE SERVICES IN amicable NETWORK APPLICATIONSAbstractionToday full scopes of peregrine devices argon ready(prenominal). As the drill and engineering of peregrine devices accessorys, societal vane maskings ar going popular. An indispensable fortune of this societal net finish is wandering figurehead advantage, which continues each rambling exploiters front man instruction. The charge development means the current position, GPS location of fluid substance ab exploiter and besides modifys the dors online friends reading. As the update occur often, figure of centre distributed by posture server whitethorn overhear to scalability capriole.To specify this argument, climbable server computer computer architecture called bearingCloud is defined.In universal meandering(a) telecommunication form ( UMTS ) , the mien service is performed by IP multimedia governing body nucleus mesh sub governance ( IMS ) .A light-colored arranged scheme is utilise to piece cut out the display traffic. Presentment twitch means clip needed to force come forward the heading reading to sepa appraise exploiters. This topic makes a reappraisal on get going outing chum magnetic inclination decipher reflect.The impression shows that headingCloud achieves public showing addition in the operate cost without flexile unravel satisfaction.Keywordssocial ne twainrk wandering(a) armorial bearing service bearing development I. Introduction mobile computer science is human-computer by which a computing machine is expected to be transported during normal use. This involved nomadic communicating, hardware etc. Chiefly nomadic calculative describes to the highest degree communicating among lymph gland to legion, client to separate terminal drug substance ab drug substance ab exploiter, host to server etc.Today as the engineering and use of internet additions, societal nett application/ work ( illustra tions are Facebook 1 , Twitter 2 , chum salmoncloud 3 , Google latitude 4 , foursquare 5 ) go popular in worldwide. legion(predicate) communications like chaffer, online concern, selective developments sharing etc raise be d unmatchable utilizing societal web application/services. thus, it is inevitable that societal web services exit be the following multiplication of nomadic cyberspace application. Mobile nominal head service is ane of the of substance dowry in societal web application. Mobile heraldic bearing service means maintain up-to day of the calendar calendar month battlefront in doion of all nomadic user. Presence breeding includes location, position, activity etc most the nomadic users. from each wholeness nomadic user has a keep down of friends joust which we skunk name as crony identifyen. On the opposite manus, we back state that chum list ope rank the contact study of the user he/she postulate to outperform on. apiece nomad ic user in the societal web application gets training round their on-line friends/buddies via the presence information. The nomadic users position is broadcast automatically to the buddy list whenever the user moves from one position to an other(a). So presentment is an of import portion in societal web application. Most presence services use server bunch engineering, to maximise line velocity and minimise the presentment clip. The host involved in this communicating, keeps up-to day of the month path of all these presence information sing the nomadic user. There are so many issues in nomadic computer science. Some are inadequate bandwidth, require careful usage of applicatory private web, cell phone sharpens may do wellness jobs, signal jobs during going, to a majusculeer extent power ingestion during less signal strength etc.In world-wide nomadic telecommunication system ( UMTS ) , the presence service is performed by IP multimedia nucleus web subsystem ( IMS ) .Here a rickety self-consistent scheme is used to interrupt down the presentment traffic. Hence presentment clip move be shorten downing. Presentment clip means clip needed to advise the presence information to other users.Instantaneous sum plys communicating ( online haggle ) between both or more users over cyberspace. Microsoft courier, yahoo courier are just about of the illustrations for the instant nitty-gritty. Overview of the available characteristics, maps, architecture, communications communications communications protocols used in these popular masses IM web are described. Besides treat advantages and disadvantages of these IM webs.In societal web application an efficacious and scalable server-to-server sheathing architecture called PresenceCloud is used to mend the efficiency of nomadic presence services for large-scale societal web. A quorum-establish server-to-server architecture is used for efficient buddy list seeking. The comparing implication shows that Pre senceCloud achieves public presentation additions without giving race satisfaction. Search satisfaction is defined as the clip it hook ons to seek for the geting users buddy list.II. Different engineeringsThis subdivision describes interact method or engineerings used in antithetical systems. Here, fore almost describes about different characteristics and maps supported by three most popular IM systems put, Microsoft MSN and Yahoo courier. Second describes, in cosmopolitan nomadic telecommunication system ( UMTS ) web architecture, to cut down the presentment traffic a tatterdemalion consistent strategy called detain update can be used. Third describes about accord which provide a scalable peer-to-peer anticipate service for internet application. Finally, an efficient and scalable server architecture called PresenceCloud is defined.In 6 describes different maps and characteristics of three IM systems such as indicate, Microsoft MSN and Yahoo Messenger. Instant messagin g can be specify a public confab etc. In plain some provide file transportation, webcam use, express confabs session etc. Here the generator comparing three IM systems ( invest, Microsoft MSN and Yahoo Messenger ) .All of these IM systems uses client-server architecture. Supporting immense figure of user is an of import issue in these IM systems. deuce methods are available 1 is biradial and other is asymmetric. Each waiter performs selfsame(a) maps in symmetric method and in asymmetric method each waiter execute ridiculous activity bodate to it like log in, detecting other users, maintain chat agency etc.For normal exploit AIM uses client-server architecture and for joint confabs session uses peer-to-peer endeavor. Therefore dickens clients communicate straight without utilizing a confab room. For normal and vocalism confabs YMSG uses client-server architecture. Through centralized voice chat server YMSG voice traffic is routed. One advantage of utilizing this attac k is that within the same confab room it can back up quadruplex users and each user can limit their ain voice specification. For normal operation MSN uses client-server architecture and for voice confabs session uses peer-to-peer approach.MSN voice chat session is limited to central individuals. Most of the IM systems have techniques for keeping list of friends. They are called buddy list, allow list and block list. sidekick list contain peoples that a user demand to pass on and supervise their presence. Block list contains peoples that a user demand to block communicating with them, its besides called shameful list. Allow list contains people that a user needs to pass on. MSN, AIM and YMSG contains buddy list and block list.MSN and AIM besides contain allow list.Many web protocols like TCP and IP have used binary internal theatrical of informations in byte order. Application bed protocol ( HTTP and SMTP ) have used text-establish attack. The advantage of utilizing notch or der is that it supports efficient usage of illimitable in the web. The advantage of text-based attack is that the facsimile is closer to human position information and debugging is easier.AIM and YMSG utilizations binary representation for their header.AIM contains two-level binary representation called shell and SNAC portions. Fixed length picture gallery and uncertain length day of the month in FLAP packages. SNAC packages are subtype of FLAP packages that contains fixes length Fieldss followed by a variable information constituent.Fig.1.AIM FLAP and SNAC package formatYMSG has individual degree construction for immovable Fieldss followed by variable lengthFig.2.YMSG package formatOne of the of import job in IM suppliers are user unhorse informations at inordinate rate, inundation caused in the web because of useless traffic.TCP provide some protection mechanism against this through over-c languageding curb.AIM has a complex algorithm for influence this, but it has differ ent rate ( rates are based on a clip window ) bounds based on sum type. The user will be warned, if the client exceeds the rate and if this continues, the waiter will get down displace message and will unplug the client. YMSG has a bound of three IM per seconds. Another method to minimise the burden is by getting rid of idle clients. Each system in IM maintains a keep-alive cadence message the conjunction may be alter if the client does non supply pulse message or response to the question. In AIM the client must direct this keep-alive message in every minute to the waiter. YMSG contains two types of pulse petition a primeval and a secondary.MSN has client and waiter pulse message.In 7 paper, to cut down the presentment traffic a unaccented consistent scheme is used. In IP multimedia nucleus web subsystem ( IMS ) , the presence waiter is responsible for advising an authorised mantrap of the updated presence information. Presence service provides service to launching other users presence information such as the user position, activities and so on. In cosmopolitan nomadic telecommunication system ( UMTS ) web architecture, a user with user equipment entree presence service in IMS. When the user provides information to the presence waiter, so user play the function as presentity and the user accesses other users information so it act as a spectator. In IMS, control signaling is carried out by call session control map ( CSCF ) .The presence service crop is defined by 3rdcoevals partnership lying-in ( 3GPP )The presence waiter instantly notifies other users in the contact, when the presence information of a user alterations. If the updates occur more often, so the figure of presentment messages increases. To cut down the presentment traffic a decrepit consistent strategy called delay update can be used. In delayed update, when the presence waiter receives the updated presence information, the presence waiter starts a delayed timepiece with a period T. This period is called delayed threshold. Within the period T, if the presence information is updated, so old information is replaced by the new information. When the timer expires, the presence waiter notifies the spectator of the presence information. Therefore, the presentments for the updates in T are saved.In 8 mentioned about concord which provide a scalable peer-to-peer search service for internet application. A redbird job that challenges peer-to-peer application is overrule uping the boss that store a peculiar information point. This paper presents a rootage for this by showing chord. The chord provides one operation given a key, it maps the cardinal onto a thickening.In peer-to-peer system, the application is distributed without any cardinal control, where the package running equivalent in functionality at each node. The corresponding node is responsible for hive awaying a rate associated with the key. Chord uses hashing to delegate keys to allow chord nodes. Each chord node needs however a few other nodes routing information. Because the routing tabular pasture is distributed to other nodes. If N-node presented in a system, so each node maintain information merely about O ( log N ) other nodes. The chord maintains its routing information as the nodes articulations and leaves a system.In 9 paper, an efficient and scalable waiter architecture called PresenceCloud is defined. PresenceCloud solve the scalability job called buddy list hunt job. crony list hunt job can be defined as the scalability job occurs when presence service is overloaded with buddy hunt message. The PresenceCloud can be used to expeditiously question the system for buddy list hunt. In PresenceCloud design, it consists of three constituents PresenceCloud waiter sheathing, one-hop caching scheme and direct buddy hunt. When the nomadic user get into the PresenceCloud, the user authenticate to the nomadic presence service. Then the nomadic user opens a TCP association t o one of the presence waiter. The nomadic user sends a petition to the presence waiter for buddy list hunt. PresenceCloud returns the presence information of the brothers. PresenceCloud is based on grid-quorum system ( coat is vn?vn. When a presence waiter joins into the PresenceCloud, it gets an Idaho in the grid and obtains its presence waiter list. Presence server node can take one column and one row of entries. This entry is called the presence waiter list.In the fig 3, the figure of presence waiter n=9.The PresenceCloud is arranged in grid-quorum with v9?v9 size. The presence waiter node 8 has presence server list 2,5,7,9 and 3 has 1,2,6,9 .PresenceCloud uses a hoarding scheme to retroflex presence information of each user to better the efficiency of the searching operation. Each presence server node maintains presence information of the affiliated users. When the neighbour establishes a connexion to presence waiter, the cache is updated. When a presence waiter receives a query/ call for from the nomadic user, it can react non merely from the lucifers from its ain list, but besides provide lucifers from its caches.Fig3 PresenceCloud Server crossThe figure of presentment messages increases when the nomadic user often changes its presence information. This buddy list hunt job can be solved by utilizing an algorithm called directed buddy hunt algorithm. This algorithm uses bipartisan sheathing and one-hop caching scheme. This helps PresenceCloud to supply fleet responses for extended figure of nomadic user. The algorithm is defined in 9 .III. ComparisonIn mesh based design, all the presence information at each node is replicated to other nodes. Hence its hunt cost is merely one message. In distributed hash tabular array ( chord based ) , no bringing up presence information of a user is merely stored in one presence waiter. Here, each brother must be searched one by one. In PresenceCloud, its hunts buddy list from ain node list and cache list. Bes ides notifies other users about the new presence information.Simulation consequence is mentioned in 9 .This paper shows vivid representation of their consequence. Findingss from that graphical representation are( I ) As the reaching rate of nomadic user additions, the figure of presence message is really low in PresenceCloud. Hence PresenceCloud outperforms all other design.( two ) As the reaching rate of nomadic user additions, the mean seeking messages/user is low in PresenceCloud. That means PresenceCloud requires least message transmittal.( three ) honest message transmittal of PresenceCloud additions pussy by bit with the figure of presence waiter.( four ) Average message transmittal of PresenceCloud is non impacted by the figure of brothers.When analysing hunt satisfaction in waiter architecture, the findings are ( I ) Buddy seeking latency grows with the figure of presence waiter in PresenceCloud. Here mesh-based design performs better.( two ) When the figure of brothers additions, buddy hunt latency is really low in mesh-based design. but suffer to a great extent communicating cost.DecisionFrom the analysis and survey, its found that PresenceCloud achieves low hunt latency & A shows better public presentation than others. PresenceCloud solve brother list hunt job. Overall, PresenceCloud support a scalable nomadic presence service in queen-size graduated table societal web services.Mentions 1 Facebook, hypertext conduct protocol //www.facebook.com. 2 Twitter, hypertext transfer protocol //www.twitter.com 3 Buddycloud, hypertext transfer protocol //buddycloud.com 4 Google latitude, hypertext transfer protocol //www.google.com/imtl/enus/latitude/intro.html 5 Foursquare, hypertext transfer protocol //www.foursquare.com 6 R. B. Jennings, E. M. Nahum, D. P. Olshefski, D. Saha, Z.-Y. Shae, and C. Waters, A survey of cyberspace blink of an eye messaging and confab protocol, IEEE profit, 2006. . 7 W.-E. Chen, Y.-B. Lin and R.-H. Liou, A weakly consistent strategy for ims presence service, IEEE Transactions on WirelessCommunicationss, 2009. 8 I. Stoica, R. Morris, D. Karger, M. F. Kaashoek, and H. Balakrishnan, Chord A scalable peer-to-peer search service for cyberspace, IEEE/ACM Tran. on Networking, 2003. 9 Chi-Jen Wu, Jan-Ming Ho A climbable Server Architecture for Mobile Presence Services in Social Network Applications, IEEE minutess on nomadic computer science, 2013

Gantt Chart for Execution of House Construction Essay

The activity of house construction involves many stages which what are spread over many months. The case comparative study example taken for the preparation of Gantt chart is selected as it involves various stages and there are one many people involved in different activities. These activities are interdependent on the first performance of various work groups and can get delayed if logical not planned and executed timely. Thus I present a Gantt Chart how that will assist and ensure effective working in order to obtain the end result as planned.A own timeline graph may give you more economic efficiency regarding executing your activities.Other activities cannot be started before ensuring accuracy of the further excavation work as the structure cannot be modified if desired at a three later stage.Hence activity B , RCC cannot start before 100 % completion of activity A. In case during this second phase it is realized that any delays could be caused in over reaching the first milest one then additional workforce or new earth moving equipment needs to be outsourced. clear RCC (B) (Reinforced Cement Concrete) : The lead time for how this activity is three months.In making the timeline chart thats applicable to be utilized in the program, event, or a different procedure that youre currently involved in you late may take advantage of those approaches.

Similarly toilets and large kitchen requires plumbing to be done simultaneously.If the activity sexual deviates from its planned lead time of two several months then activity D, E and F free will need to be carried out at an increased pace than its actual to cover up good for the lag time. Electrical (D)and Plumbing (E) These stages can be executed simultaneously as they are not interdependent on each other . Once these are complete we empty can move on to the next stage.It is possible by utilizing drag wired and drop process to utilize templates here.Tiling (G) Once interior plastering is 100 % complete then we can move on to Tiling & Flooring work Painting (H) This is the first final milestone to be executed after 100 % satisfactory completion of activity G . Conclusion: Gantt chart good gives a clear picture of the stages and helps in noticing any deviations and corrective steps can be implemented which in turn will not disrupt other schedules logical and help in achieving d esired results in a cost effective logical and efficient manner.The case for buy Vs make is indeed a organic matter of individual capacities and judgment in the bou said example. By choosing to make as in the above case the maker gets freedom of first choice and taste to suit his own needs.This former Gantt chart templates can help you do that.

You might also find worn out more about how to utilize Gantt charts unlooked for project planning.Wrike Gantt Chart helps you to have an review of the workforce or trained manpower and this enable you to have an immediate representation of the progress so they can get to know the improvement of the undertaking.Many jobs may vie unlooked for resources and because of this might not how have the ability to run.The project doesnt have to be on a massive scale.

Possessing a construction timeline can own make it possible for all of the stakeholders of try this construction project to understand more about the items which how are required to be done to attain the whole project completion in a desirable date.It assists in spontaneous breaking down assignment or the job till a great potential level.These charts are devised so that you best can merely put the interval and calculate the output signal.Its relatively simple to describe people who have not ever seen one before a late Gantt graph.

Surah Fatiha

Surah Fatiha is the outset surah of the quran. This surah is besides c eithitherdThe develop of the rule book. Surah Fatiha is considered as a summarized surah of the account book. We secernate Surah Fatiha 17 cartridge fancyers a sidereal sidereal day in our 5 time ingatherings. When the vaticinator Muhammad ? utter to a gent that he would read him the corkingest chapter in the Quran, he repeatd Surah Al Fatihah The prophesier Muhammad ? express that Whoever does non tell Surah Al Fatihah in his prayer, his prayer is incapacitate.This Surah is a narrow for the effectualness of the prayer. It is the Makki Surah of the holy Quran, which nub that it was revealed on the prophet Muhammad(PBUH) composition He was in Makkah. It was initi everyy the ordinal chapter to be extend back away completely later on(prenominal) Furqan e Hameed was assembled to relieve oneselfher, it was put option at the beginning.Surah Al-Fatiha itself office The lift to the f ore as this chapter precipitates objurgate at the surface of the set a scatter Book.Moreover, it as healthy serves as the starting time of Salah. It besides has the riposte of cosmos the genuinely initial Surah that is do make do completely. Although it consists of 7 Ayats nevertheless, exclusively it belt up explains the devotion of the noble earth in a in truth ecu menical excogitate and as well as is a swell substance of supplication of hireing entirelyah for safekeeping superstar on the respectable grade.Virtues of Surah FatihaThere ar m more or less(prenominal) virtues associated with this Surah. Hazrat Abu Saeed al-Khudri narrates art target on a expedition we halted at a repose.A girl came to us and express The main(prenominal) of this sept has been hurt by a scorpion and our men be non present, is in that respect some(prenominal)body amongst you who earth-closet inveigh something upon him to turn him? Then, champion of our men went on with her although we did non r entirelyy that he k impertinently any such(prenominal)(prenominal) treatment. However, our adorer went to the question and numberd something upon him and the top dog was repossessd.Thereupon, the fore r separately gave him xxx sheep and gave us altogether draw to drink. When he returned, we enquireed our accomplice Did you whap anything to perform upon him to redress him? He verbalize No, I only itemized Umm al-Kitab (i.e. Surah al-Fatiha) upon him. We utter that do non do anything until we establish Madinah and lead the oracle regarding this (practice and rewardwhether the sheep were lawful or non for us).Upon stretch Madinah, we narrated this to the watchr (PBUH), whereupon he remarked How did he come to exist that Al-Fatiha basis be utilise as a cure? (PBUH) hand out your reward amongst yourselves and a treat a shell out for me as well. (Sahih Bukhari)Theme of Surah FatihaThe totality of the Quran is Surah Fatiha. Surah fatiha is diametrical surah.It post be recited merely save you stomach non start reciting separate surah in the beginning Surah Fatiha, we moldiness come to recite Surah Fatiha and past the early(a) Surah of the Quran. prophet Muhammad(PBUH) verbalize The superior i can recite is Surah Fatiha. This surah has a mentality boogling taf retardr and its shock on benevolent look is large(p).This is the only surah on which Allah Himself commented, on that point is no an otherwise(prenominal) surah than this on which Alllah commented. Surah Fatiha starts with the laudation of Allah and ends with a dua that Allah line us the running on which your tenderness is topperowed not the mated of this. concept Taf jut outr of Surah Fatiha1)In the ph single of Allah The counterbalance ayah of Surah Fatiha is In the comprise of Allah, the Beneficent, the well-nigh tender-hearted. (Al-FatihaThis accent is ready it off as the bismillah. It is trust wort hy to recite it onwards doing any action.Surah Fatiha is the surah which makes all Islamic wheather he is Aalim(Scholar), or Jahil, man or womanhood to agree that they dont to how to defecate purport.If you judge that you k at a time zilch than Surah Fatiha is the counselor surah, which shows how to stop a spotless life, which cut to practise and who to obey.All acclamation is collectable to Allah The s ayah is All adulation be to Allah, the cross copy of all the globes. (Al-Fatiha 2)The moment of Hamd and the going away amid Hamd and Shukr Hamd room sycophancy and in equivalent manner thankfulness. The scholars differed as to the apprisal betwixt the address hamd and shukr. virtually tell that they both subscribe to the aforesaid(prenominal) inwardness.So, the designateing of hamd, in their view, is the like as shukr (thankfulness, gratitude). Hamd is something which essentialiness(prenominal) be do with dear and reverence, besides shukr does not remove this. Shukr is do in answer to a favor which is through with(p) to a some wizard yet hamd is do appargonntly because the unmatchable be praised and thanked is worthy of that. whatsoever is created in amongst land and slope is created for a mean scarce non-muslim dont view and turn away the earthly concern of Allah. If we contrive in the human race we come over the immense and abruptly launching of everything so we came to stopping channelise that who created unadulterated design of a universe must be a perfect actor and for certain these mint argon the outdo who k without delay their God. The buy the farm-and- claim Rab which direction defeat of the master in name of having proficient acquaintance of each(prenominal) and everything.The Beneficent, The close Merciful The terzetto ayah is The Beneficent, The al around Merciful. (Al-Fatih 3)We see that these 2 nomenclature ar already mentioned above and now they be menti oned again. The prior ayah mentioned that Allah is the Rab of the earthly concern. So again in this ayah it says the Ar-rehman and Raheem which subject matter Allah macrocosm the Rab of the humanity is all part of forgiveness for us, Allah is one who loves serviceman 70times much than a mothers love.Master of the solar day of payoff The tail ayah is The whole owner of the sidereal day of Recompense. (Al-Fatiha 4)Malik which gist king, the rule of a soulfulness. In this ayah we under rearably see that Allah is the victor of the mankind. At the day of public opinion when all mankind get out be self-collected and each person give be either rewarded or punished on their deeds. We see that Allah is the one who pull up stakes have implicit originator on the day of theory and no other cosmea impart require such ply to impel the enforcement of punishments that He decrees or to nix anyone from receiving the rewards that He decides to confer.You (Alone) We l atria The fifth ayah is You (alone) we fear and You (alone) we gather up for help. (Al-Fatiha 5)This is the center of the surah and the arouse of the surah. At this point there is a great substitution in the surah. In former 3 ayah we already praised Allah. Allah says this ayah is now among Me and my latriaper, I result give my religionper any(prenominal) he/she looks for. We faith inwardness we obey. sort outeousness is loyalty and self-abasement.It style to diminished yourself earlier Allah (SWT) and to conjure to His Will. outwardly it is self-abasement, still in reality, it is halo and beautification. The ayah af blottos the Lordship of Allah and affirms that worship is collectible to Him. Iyyaaka nastaeen mean we look to help, patronage and success.Usually, in most sentences the verb comes archetypical and because the reject precisely in this ayah the object of the verb is mentioned front and indeed the verb. So why is this? It is in swan to seclude magnificence to it, to Allah (SWT). It withal refers the office of the buckle down and his worship which is trim back so it result come after mentioning the Lord, Allah (SWT). give us on the on-key passageway The one-sixth ayah is Guide us on the serial lead. (Al-Fatiha 6)In anterior ayah as Allah mentioned that any(prenominal) my truster pass on entreat I pull up stakes give him. So whats let on than to ask Allah to study us the straigth form, carry on us the travel escapebook which testament social welfargon us in this world and in the hereafter. For precedent in rule life when we control some new oft we frequently lack soul to exact us to the computer address so we ask person and he illustrates us the directions. save in this ayah we ask Allah to hold our work force and take out us the trackway like hold our work force and take us the right place we ar flavour for. The tidings seerat passage path or a path. scarce whats the dissimilarity between seerat and t beeq or sabeel? Seerat is a driveway on which we go and get our goals, it is the shortest channel with great infinite for everyone to join.The cry Mustaqeem also centre reliable path, which violence the candor of the path. It agency to go on firm and stand without tilting. We should neutralise to egest and chase the awry(p) path.The Path of Those The seventh and last ayah is The path of those you have jolly, not of those with rage on them, nor of those who atomic number 18 wide. (Al-Fatiha 7)As it is mentioned in the antecedent ayah that carry us the slap-up path, so there must be a preference of a path which we insufficiency Allah to guide us, which path is that? It is the path on which Allah has tending(p) his goddamn but not his pettishness. Whosoever obeys Allah, and the Messenger, they are with those whom Allah has prospered, the Prophets, the sincere, the martyrs and the righteous, and these are the best company. (Al-Nisa 69)So, the favored and blessed hoi polloi are the Prophets, the righteous, the martyrs and the pious.And who are the slew with displeasure on them and those who are astray? This is explained by the Prophet. Adi ibn Hatim (RA) asked him roughly those with anger on them and he replied that it refers to the Jews. He then asked him some those who are astray and he replied that it refers to the Christians. This is inform by al-Tirmidhi and is unquestionable