Technology in management information system - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Technology in management information system. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this report is to focus on the implementation proposal for the new information system in the sponsor organization. The sponsor organization that is selected for the study is National Australia Bank (NAB). This organization is one of the main sponsors of current wine industry in Australia. NAB is one of the biggest financial organizations in Australia in account of earnings, market capitalization and their customers (Barrons 2017). This company has been ranked 41st biggest bank in terms of total assets in the globe in the year 2014. Over the years, this bank has been giving financial support to their customers and businesses in this nation around the globe. The present study highlights on the current information system that exists in this financial institution. The steps of system development life cycle are also analyzed in this report. The information system that is being chosen for this report is the Management Information system (MIS). This information system refers to the information processing through computers as well as other technology for managing and supporting managerial decisions within the company. This information system mainly produces fixed and scheduled reports based on the data collected from the companys underlying transaction processing system to the managers of operational level in order to identify as well as inform semi- structured decision problems (Coronel and Morris 2016). The features of MIS and its advantage to NAB are also elucidated in this study. One of the vital roles of this information system is to provide right information to the managers for getting summarized reports. The report also reflects on how the MIS system addresses issues or opportunities present in this organization. MIS creating opportunity for this financial institution is also explained in this study. This information system facilitating NAB to improve their productivity is also discussed in this study. National Australia Bank as Sponsor organization NAB has been considered as one of leaders in offering banking services to the businesses in Australia. They seek in differentiating itself through belief in potential of their customers and employees. This belief encourages this financial institution in making positive effect on their clients as well as communities (Peppard and Ward 2017). In addition, they also underpin sustainable business for their shareholders. The vision of this organization is to believe in success. The mission of this bank includes- Providing specific solutions for present and future needs of their customers Establishing permanent relationship with their customers by providing high quality service. Making positive contribution for developing environment and society Creating proper business environment Identifying significance of profitability for achieving long terms success. The NAB group usually pursues sponsorship opportunities, which in turn clearly improves the financial performance of this organization. They delivers following outcomes including- Through sponsorships, this company tries to connect with their employees, customers in relevant way. Demonstration of core brand values helps them in enhancing the NAB brand Providing commercial opportunities for driving business outcomes This organization has dedicated excess of $4 million via the sponsorship as well as support of initiatives. The organization that NAB does not consider for sponsorship includes- Those that might be construed as discriminatory That might be detrimental to the public health Those company that promotes smoking or any abuse substance Representing donation whereby this financial institution does not get contracted advantage in exchange for fund The company that might present reputational risk Those having alignment to the political groups Existing information system in NAB Information system refers to the integrated set of the components that collects, stores and process data and also for providing information knowledge as well as digital products. The corporations use the information systems for processing financial accounts, managing their human resource and for reaching the potential customers via online promotions (Laudon and Laudon 2016). The financial institutions rely on the information systems in order to manage their suppliers as well as customers and compete in the competitive business environment. NAB has passed vital milestone in the agenda of transforming technology with new customer relationship management. They consolidate customers data on the CRM system. CRM systems refers to the set of software applications, which facilitates the company to determine the requirements as well as preferences of the customers by organizing, storing, managing and tracking the interactions with their customers. These systems allow the employees of the comp any to document everything that is from contact information to the particular conversations with their customers. Recent data reflects that this company spends more than $1 billion each year on the information systems. In fact, they have received excellence award for their new CRM systems. Moreover, this CRM system helped the NAB to identify as well as generate leads that is mainly based on vital reactive variation and events in the customers transaction pattern. This system also aids them to identify which consumers reflect switching signs for generating proactive service requirements. In addition, existing CRM systems in the NAB benefits the organization in several ways, which includes- CRM systems provide the company the ability to customize as well as personalize relationships with their consumers. It also aids the company modify their service level for matching the profile of customers. It also helped this organization attain feedback from their customers relating to the products purchased. Deployment of CRM systems provides the NAB view about the customers business, wealth and personal management accounts. This CRM system also improved NABs cross- sell opportunities with other banks. The CRM systems also motivate the employees of NAB to set as well as track goals. It also increased their efficiency level and saves their time. This CRM system also helped the workers of this organization in drawing data from the Consumer hub and presents it to the employees. It also helped the company in increasing accountability. The application of cloud based CRM platforms also increased the total revenue of the company. Steps of System Development Life cycle The systems development life cycle ( SDLC) refers to as the development of application life cycle that is specially used in information systems for describing the process of planning, testing, creating and implementing the information system. There are six steps of the SDLC that includes- Planning- During this step, the purpose of the project is mainly determined and hence the requirements in producing the commodity are considered. An estimate of these resources namely personnel are mainly prepared along with regards to concept for new commodity. In addition, the information gathered is evaluated for seeing that if an alternative solution is present for creating the new commodity. The main objective of this step is to determine the scope of the problem and solutions. Analysis- During this phase, the team mainly determines the requirements of project. Usually this is done by taking assistance of the focus groups that provides assessment of requirements and their expectation about the final good (Willcocks 2013). In this step, the end users requirements are analyzed for ensuring that this new system might meet their outlook. Design- In this step, the vital specifications, characteristics and operations that would satisfy functional needs of the new system has been described. It is mainly the architectural step of the system design. The data processing flow is usually developed into tables or charts and hence the project team evaluates the logical design as well as framework for flow of data (Coronel and Morris 2016). Construction- During this step, the plans that has been laid out in design phase is executed by the developers. The developers then frame the database, produce the code for data flow procedure as well as structure the user interface screens. Additionally, in this step the test data has been prepared as well as processed several times for refining the code. Integration and testing- This step involves integration as well as testing of system that is carried out by quality assurance for determining if the design meets the business goals. Moreover, all the varied aspect of system ate mainly tested for performance as well as functionality (Piccoli 2012). Mainly, the vital elements of this phase are to assess that the system includes needs of end user that has been laid out during the analysis phase. Implementation-In this step, the bulk of code for program has been written and when this project has been used in the production. This has been done by transferring data as well as components from old system and replacing them in new system. Operations and maintenance- During this phase, the end users fine-tune into the system for boosting performance and meeting additional requirements of user. Moreover, in this step the consumers receive the system as full scale conversion. Once the feedback from the clients starts, the code is usually tweaked for the performance problems. MIS oriented SDLC has different stages that includes- In the first stage, the management of the company is engaged in understanding the issue of the proposed system In the second stage, the environment under this proposed system will be needed for operation is scanned. However, meetings are held at various levels for understanding boundaries of existing system and mission of company. Meetings are also held with the personnel of MIS department to find the limitations and performance of this system. Lastly, active user interaction is done for understanding the requirements of user. Features of Managing Information System (MIS) and its benefit to this organization The proposed new system that this sponsor organization might implement for improving their operations is Managing Information System (MIS). At present, MIS runs on advanced computer networks along with software tools and wireless connectivity (Willcocks 2013). This information system helps the managers of the company make business decision based on their goals. An effective MIS facilitates the company in assembling the data available from entitys operations, external inputs and previous activities into the information. There are some vital features of an MIS that will give confidence to the decision makers of the NAB. These includes- Collection of data- MIS helps the organizations in storing the data in one of the two database system. The relational database firstly stores input from the users and then relates this data with other database throughout the new system. This database is then utilized into charts so that the users can make comparison of this data. On the other hand, the hierarchical database mainly stores data does not provide comparison charts for user. Report generation- MIS also uses the stored data in order to generate reports. The users of this system then determine the kind of report with particular templates for different kinds of reporting (Van De Walle, Turoff and Hiltz 2014) This information system then comply the required report by inserting the available data into template and then printing this into business. Accessibility and Integration- This information system functions with open accessibility. Accessibility defines that the temporary MIS might be integrated with other systems by enabling variation to data from varied sources. The company might update the system for providing data in relation with policies. Relevance- Effective MIS takes the information that mainly originates in those activity areas that concerns manager and then organizes it for making business decision. This information system also helps the manager in making pricing decision by taking sales data and display profit projections for different pricing condition. Timeliness-The management of the company makes business decision based on the current data. If the data is current, then the decisions of the company will reflect current reality. Furthermore, when collection as well as processing of information delays, then the MIS generates the result by taking into consideration its inaccuracies. Accuracy-One of the key measurement of effectiveness of MIS is accuracy as well as reliability of information (Galliers and Leidner 2014). In fact, the sources of data mainly determine whether it is reliable information. Even the historical performance also serves as measurement of accuracy as well as reliability of output. Scalability- Another vital feature of MIS is that the business might purchase the system with smaller version and then add according to availability of cash. The businesses might add data capabilities and system features to this initial system owing to development of business. Usefulness- The information that the manager receives from MIS might be relevant but is useful if aids them in making specific decisions. Completeness- Effective MIS highlights most relevant as well as useful information for specific decision. This system also highlights those gaps if there is missing data, which in turn displays possible circumstances. This proposed system would help NAB in aggregating, analyzing and reporting the financial data that is vital for prudent risk management as well as decision making. This information system will help this sponsor organization in generating several reports that has been used in normal business course for monitoring their risk, financial performance and operations. This would also aids the bank in maintaining their position in competitive business environment (Majchrzak and Markus 2012). Implementation of this prolonged system will increase the efficiency of their managers as they have to assess the applications portfolio in respect of technology as well as their rivalries. In addition, the managers of this organization must adopt varied MIS strategy in order to gain competitive advantage. Adoption of MIS would help NAB for compiling data in central location and also to prevent loss of information (Barrons 2017). Furthermore, it will also help the management of the bank in creating busi ness opportunity and improve overall productivity. This information system will aid the managers of this sponsor organization in providing better connectivity between the management of different sections within the company. This system also addresses few problems that exist in this sponsor organization. These includes- Quantity, context and basic content of the information Not making huge amount of money At present, NAB faces problems as they are not making huge return on investment, return on equity. However, this helps the organization in addressing this issue (Coronel and Morris 2016). Customer expectation-Now- a- days, NAB has been facing huge pressure as they are unable to deliver good level of service to the customers. As a result, this organization has been unable to meet the expectation of customers. MIS adoption also helps them in solving this issue. Regulatory pressure- The regulatory requirements continued to rise and hence NAB are required to spend huge portion of their discretionary budget on building systems as well as processes for keeping up with escalating needs. However, adoption of MIS will help the company in improving their operations. Developing, testing and implementation of MIS in NAB The development procedure of MIS is mainly related with long term plan of the company. MIS specially requires certain resources including capital, time and capacity (Piccoli 2012). The plan of MIS is developed parallel to plans of the business. MIS can be developed mainly in two different ways including- Prototype method Life cycle approach The designers of MIS must thoroughly examine the present decision- making system of this sponsor organization. However, they require study of various levels of the decision makers as well as the priorities of these individuals. This system can be developed in this company through different stages- Pre-testing of this system as well as training of these operators- Before putting this system in this company, this system should be pretested (Pearlson, Saunders and Galletta 2016). If this system is not pretested, then there might be some problems regarding changes in this system. In addition, proper training must be imparted to managers of NAB for understanding this system and making proper use of it. Proper planning for the information storage- NAB should make proper arrangement for storing the information. Moreover, all the information must be kept in the disaggregated files (Galliers and Leidner 2014). Various decision makers along with same information requirements must be identified in order to group them together for information dissemination. Mechanism for collecting as well as processing of data- Appropriate methods for data processing should be selected by NAB (Peppard and Ward 2016). This mainly needs determination of those steps for gathering, storing, assessing, transmitting and recovering the information. Furthermore, the system of controls must be developed for identifying as well as correcting deficiency, which might occur in this system. Appropriate arrangement for distribution of information- Appropriate arrangement must be made by the NAB for information dissemination at right time to different decision makers. Apart from this, proper formats must be designed by this company for information dissemination to different decision makers by regarding their needs. Review of this information system at periodic intervals- This Company must review the function of MIS at periodic intervals. This review in turn also helps this organization in recognizing deficiencies to existing MIS. Hence, making proper changes will help the NAB in overcoming various deficiencies (Petter, DeLone and McLean 2013). Testing helps the company to determine whether this system generates the desired outcome under known circumstances- Unit Testing- The NAB must adopt unit testing process as it separates each program in the system. System Testing- This sponsor organization must also test the functioning of this information system for determining if discrete modules might function as planned (Coronel and Morris 2016). Acceptance testing- This company must provide final certification so that this system is ready to be utilized in the production setting. The implementation of MIS in this sponsor organization includes- The NAB must ensure that the effort of implementing this new information system has acceptance of their management This sponsor company must enlist the participation of the user from time to time They must realize user that serve as appropriate guide of this system This company must identify the role of the user in the system They must ensure that there will be proper change in the system from time to time This organization must conduct episodic meeting with the user from time to time They should provide appropriate training to the user with appropriate guidelines about utilization of system Problems that might occur in NAB while implementing MIS The NAB might face several problems with MIS including- Lack of management support Improper assortment of hardware as well as software tools Unskilled employees also faces problems in using this information system The employees faces difficulty in obtaining sensitive information Problems also arises from oversupply Therefore, it is recommended that the organization must focus on the above stated problem before implementing this system. Moreover, it is suggested they should monitor the whole operation procedure before and after implementing MIS in order to avoid these issues. Conclusion The above report reflects that information system plays vital role in the sponsor organization. These organizations should implement different types of information system including ERP system, MIS system, CRM system etc for managing their different sections. These systems have become the vital tool for the mangers of these organizations in order to make business decision. As the managers of these organizations perceive information in order to achieve success in the business, there is need for MIS. In addition, well defined MIS system with proper implementation of strategy of the managers positively impacts on managerial decision. The above report reflects that NAB requires proper implementation of MIS in the business in order to improve their operations and increase efficiency. It is also required for the managerial report production specialized tools. Moreover, adoption of these information systems helps this company to enhance overall efficiency as well as effectiveness of the proc ess. Behavioral researches describes that this information system aids flattening of hierarchies by widening information distribution to empower lower level staff. In addition, this MIS utilizes networks that help this organization to decrease the cost of transaction. This system saves lots of time as well s resources for the owners. This system plays the role of institutionalize of the data base, which might keep it confidential. References Barrons, K.P., 2017. Flipped Instructional Technology: Developing MIS Competencies Applying Enterprise Resource Planning. InBlended Learning: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications(pp. 702-712). IGI Global. Coronel, C. and Morris, S., 2016.Database systems: design, implementation, management. Cengage Learning. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E. eds., 2014.Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Laudon, K.C. and Laudon, J.P., 2016.Management information system. Pearson Education India. Majchrzak, A. and Markus, M.L., 2012. Technology affordances and constraints in management information systems (MIS). Pearlson, K.E., Saunders, C.S. and Galletta, D.F., 2016.Managing and Using Information Systems, Binder Ready Version: A Strategic Approach. John Wiley Sons. Peppard, J. and Ward, J., 2016.The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Petter, S., DeLone, W. and McLean, E.R., 2013. Information systems success: The quest for the independent variables.Journal of Management Information Systems,29(4), pp.7-62. Piccoli, G., 2012.Essentials of Information Systems for Managers: Text Only. Wiley Publishing. Van De Walle, B., Turoff, M. and Hiltz, S.R., 2014.Information systems for emergency management. Routledge. Willcocks, L., 2013.Information management: the evaluation of information systems investments. Springer.

Existence Of Evil Essays - Oklahoma City Bombing,

Existence Of Evil Since the beginning of time, evil has existed and evolved. There are many questions and theories about what evil is and where it comes from. There are three meanings of evil in particular: my definition of evil, the real life situation's definition of evil, and Wiesel's meaning of evil. My definition of evil is having the intent to do harm. An example of intending to do harm to others would be the Oklahoma City Bombing, or the mass murders of Charles Manson. They both killed many, many people, with the intent to do so. If someone is driving down the road one day and a pedestrian jumps out in front of them, and gets killed, that is not evil generated from the person driving, that is not evil, but a force beyond control of mankind. The real life situation definition, in consideration of the Oklahoma City Bombing, would be harming other people with the intent to harm them. Timothy McVeigh, for months, plotted to make the sure the bombing would go through, which is definitely the intent of harming and killing others. An example from Night that presents the Wiesel's interpretation of evil, having no humanity whatsoever for others-when the troops execute the hostages without reason, and without compassion. ?They were made to dug huge graves. And when they finished their work, the Gestapo began theirs...they slaughtered their prisoners, (p. 4).? Demarest 2 These three previous paragraphs have countless similarities between the ideas that they explain. The real life situation, my definition, and the definition from Night all have to do with the intent of killing others. The real life situation and the definition of Night both also have to do with killing extreme numbers of people mercilessly, with the intent of killing these people, and plotting it out over a substantial period of time. These three paragraphs also have many differences. Although my paragraph has no numbers, I feel that even killing one person is evil, while McVeigh killed hundreds, and Hitler killed millions and millions. Also a difference between Hitler and McVeigh is that were the reasons: Hitler wanted to finish ethnic cleansing and rule the world, while McVeigh simply was attempting to voice his opinion (in a volatile way), and prove a point. There are three meanings of evil in particular: my definition of evil, the real life situation's definition of evil, and Wiesel's meaning of evil. My definition, along with the real life situation definition and Wiesel's definition, says that evil is the intent of doing something wrong or committing a sin. Although Hitler's acts and McVeigh's bombing were both acts of evil, Hitler's millions were even more evil than McVeigh's hundreds, although they both had somewhat similar intents. Because evil has evolved through time and is seeming to grow at an exponential rate, we must learn to control it, and not harm others to reach our goals, because if we attempt to do this, evil will come to a screeching halt, and the world a better place. English Essays

Names of Common Flowers (Blumen) in German

Names of Common Flowers (Blumen) in German Flowers are an ever-present part of the German landscape. In the middle  of  Lake Constance (Bodensee)  in southwest  Germany, for example, sits Mainau Island, also called the Island of Flowers. Flowers also play a significant role in German traditions and holidays. In the weeks prior to Easter, you will see spring flowers on display alongside Easter trees (ostereierbaum). So, as you study German, familiarize yourself with the names of flowers and related words. Parts of a Flower In the translations in this and the below sections, the name of the flower, or flower-related vocabulary, is listed on the left with the German translation on the right to help you find the term or phrase more easily. Before learning the names of various flowers, take a moment to memorize German words related to the parts of a flower- or  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹blumenbestandteile: Blossom die Blà ¼teBud die KnospeLeaf das BlattSeed der SamenStem der StengelThorn der Stachel Common Flower Names In Germany, several flowers are particularly abundant, including carnations, lilies, and roses, says  FloraQueen. However, many other types of flowers are also common in Germany. Familiarize yourself with flower names so that youll be able to speak knowledgeably about these plants with native speakers. Name of Flower in English German Translation Lily of the valley das Maiglà ¶ckchen Amaryllis die Amaryllis Anemone die Anemone Aster die Aster Baby's Breath das Schleierkraut Begonia die Begonie Blanket Flower die Kokardenblume, die Papageiblume Bleeding Heart das Trnende Herz Carnation die Nelke Columbine die Akelei Cornflower (Bachelor's Button) die Kornblume Crocus der Krokus Daffodil die Narzisse, die Osterglocke Dahlia die Dahlie Daisy das Gnseblà ¼mchen Dandelion der Là ¶wenzahn Echinacea der Sonnenhut,der Scheinsonnenhut Edelweiss das Edelweiß Forget me nots Vergissmeinnicht Galliardia die Gaillardie Geranium die Geranie Gladiolus die Gladiole Goldenrod die Goldrute Heather die Erika, das Heidekraut Hibiscus der Hibiskus, der Eibisch Hyacinth die Hyazinthe Iris die Iris, die Schwertlilie Jasmin der Jasmin, Echter Jasmin Jonquil die Jonquille Lavender der Lavendel Lilac der Flieder Lily die Lilie Marigold die Tagetes, die Ringelblume Orchid die Orchidee Pansy das Stiefmà ¼tterchen Peony die Pfingstrose, die Ponie Petunia die Petunie Poppy der Mohn, die Mohnblume Rose die Rose Snapdragon das Garten Là ¶wenmaul Snowdrop das Schneeglà ¶ckchen Sunflower die Sonnenblume Tulip die Tulpe Violet das Veilchen Zinnia die Zinnie Other Flower-Related Vocabulary As you study the names of common flowers and vocabulary related to flower parts, dont forget to familiarize yourself with flower-related vocabulary. Note that in German,  each noun, pronoun and article has four cases. Therefore, a common noun such as  Blumenstrauß- flower bouquet- may start with a capital letter, even if it does not begin a sentence and even though it would be lowercased in English. To bloom blà ¼henTo water gießenTo wilt   verwelkenFlower bouquet der BlumenstraußFlower shop der BlumenladenFlorist der Florist, der Blumenverkufer Flower Idioms Once youve mastered the names and parts of flowers, impress your native-speaking friends with some well-known flower idioms- blumen redewendungen: To beat around the bush   durch die Blume  sagenTo push up radishes   Die Radieschen von  unten  anschauen/betrachten Though the second phrase is translated literally, in English, this idiom would more normally be translated as pushing up daisies (to be dead). Try out this saying the next time youre watching a mobster movie with your German-speaking friends.

Survey method and discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Survey method and discussion - Essay Example It involves group of students discussing a lecture or students from different schools working in groups together on a shared assignment. The growing body of international researchers explores the relationship between social emotional learning and the cooperative learning in academic achievements. In the study most of the students were of the view of cooperative learning to improve their academic performance. In cooperative learning individual student performance was more superior as compared with the individualistic or the competitive method where everyone is for himself or herself. The cooperative method is found superior for promoting metacognitive thoughts, transfer of learning from one setting to the other, persistence in working towards a goal and it also helps in one’s motivation intrinsically. In cooperative learning, the members of the group are obliged to rely on one another to achieve the set goals, all the students are also held accountable for doing their part of work in order for them to master all the content to be learnt (Durlak et al, 2010). The method also involves face to face promotive inter action with group members required to provide the members with feedbacks, challenging reasoning, conclusion and in most cases they teach and encourage one another in order to improve the level of understanding compared to the case where the teacher does all the lectures and the student may not be free and ready to ask the questions. The primary goal of this study which is carried among 20 respondents is to measure the academic achievements for social emotional learning cooperative learning methods as ways of instruction and to compare the findings on the achievements with those of the lecture method or the teacher based method where the teacher does all the talking and the student the listening. When assessment was carried out on these two kinds of methods were carried out, it was found that the students who undergo the cooperative method were

How Does IT Influence Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How Does IT Influence Business - Essay Example Laudon &Traver (2002) therefore explains that information technology plays a role in the manner which companies and business organizations are able to communicate market and accomplish their objectives. Specialized information technologies normally plays a role in shaping the best business practices that an organization needs to pursue, and hence plays a role in shaping the face of business on a daily basis. It is important to understand that information technology has played a role in improving the quality of business operations. Information technology increases the productivity of an organization, because of the use of computers and other tools of IT. The use of computers has played a great role in transforming the work environment. It has played a role in driving the costs of processing data, and improving the capability of an organization to store and disseminate large volumes of data, which are of great importance to the company (Laudon &Traver, 2002). The internet enables an organization to transfer these information from one department to another, and to customers. Take for example the electronic health registers that are implemented by hospital organizations in the United States. Electronic health registers have improved the manner which business organizations are able to store and disseminate the information under their possession (Laudon &Traver, 2002). This information can include the name of the patient, his or her medical condition, and their medical history. Private hospital organizations have a chieved in the use of electronic health registers to treat their patients. This is because they are able to share this information with doctors, and other people responsible for handling the patient (Tansey, 2003). This in turn leads to an accurate diagnosis and a reduction in the readmission cases. Furthermore, information technology has played a role in improving the internal operations of a business organization. This

Impacts of Climate Change on Womens Rights

Impacts of Climate Change on Womens Rights Impacts of Climate Change on Women’s Human Rights: Bangladesh perspective 1. Introduction At present, the consequences of climate change including increased temperature, increased sea level, excess precipitation, droughts, biodiversity loss, natural disasters and reduced food production threaten human rights and social justice. These consequences have brought more adversely impacts on low-income countries, which have produced less greenhouse gases. In particular, some vulnerable groups such as women are more vulnerable to climate change because they have weaker ability to address the challenge of climate change. As one of the least-developed countries in the world, Bangladesh faces the enormous challenges of the global climate change. Women in Bangladesh have been seriously affected by the climate change, with their human rights under great threat. This essay will analyze how climate change affects the human rights of Bangladeshi women and find potential pathways to tackle these problems. It will achieve this by firstly giving definitions and basic analyses about climate change and human rights. Following this it will look at how Bangladeshi women’s rights to life, health and education were affected by climate change. Finally, it will seek to give effective advice for better response to these impacts. 2. Climate Change and Human Rights 2.1 Climate Change There are two major definitions of climate change that are widely used. The two different definitions are presented by Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). According to FCCC(1992) as cited by Pielke (2004), FCCC that focused on international policy, described climate change as â€Å"a change of climate that is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity, that alters the composition of the global atmosphere, and that is in addition to natural climate variability over comparable time periods†. On the other hand, IPCC that focused on scientific assessments defined climate change as â€Å"a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer†(Qin, Stocker & IPCC, 2013 : p123-125). It is clear that IPCC give climate change a br oader definition than FCCC. On the ground of FCCC definition, the reduction of vulnerability cannot be realized except though greenhouse gas emissions. But according to IPCC definition, there are some measures including adaption policies effective to address ecological or societal vulnerability brought by climate change. In this paper, both of this will be taken into consider. 2.2 Human Rights Facts and studies have shown that climate change poses a great challenge to human rights issues. Human rights are the inherent rights of every individual, regardless of our nationality, place of residence, sex, ethnicity, religion, language or any other status (Ariella Azoulay,2015). As United Nations (n.d.) have noted, â€Å"human rights included the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many more†. It is worth mentioning that the concept of human rights does not remain at the theoretical level, but is described and protected by International human rights law (IHRL) and some national laws. For example, in Britain the Human Rights Act 1998 was introduced to protect human rights. As womens human rights are gaining increasing attention in the context of advocating gender equality, some research and related institutions begin to focus on the impact of climate change on womens human rights and do some work to help local women in the climatic vulnerable areas. 3. Climate Change’s Effects on Women’s Human Rights in Bangladesh Bangladesh is one of the countries most likely to suffer adverse impacts from climate change. This is mainly influenced by two factors, one of which is its special geographical location and the other is its social and economic underdevelopment. The total land area in Bangladesh is 147,570 square kilometers, including 80% of the floodplains. As a result, during the rainy season, most parts of the country (except the Northwest Highlands) are prone to flooding. Saleemul Huqï ¼Ë†2001ï ¼â€°compared Bangladesh with the Netherlands, indicating that geographical location is not the only reason why Bangladesh is affected by severe climate change. Bangladesh and the Netherlands are both low-lying deltaic countries, but the Netherlands possesses enough financial and scientific capacity to build higher seawalls for protecting its citizens against natural disasters, but Bangladesh cannot. 3.1 Effect of Climate Change on the Right to Life Climate change has caused frequent natural disasters in Bangladesh. Gender issues have always been a marginalized topic in the context of climate change, but we can still find some gender-related data in related climate change studies. Women are less able to escape from natural disasters. For example, during the 1991 Bangladesh Cyclone, the mortality rate of women was five times higher than that of men among the 20-44 age group(UNEP,2005). The reasons why there was a such difference are as follows. First, there is an imbalance of information between men and women in Bangladesh. Men can communicate with each other in public places for access to information, while women are mostly at home, unable to obtain timely and useful warning messages. Secondly, most Bangladeshi women lack the skills to swim or climb trees, and their dresses are not conducive to their escape from the disaster. In addition, it is more difficult for women to get rescuing resources to deal with damage and loss from extreme weather events because of the long-standing social bias. In other words, the gender inequality in Bangladesh society contributes to the vulnerability of local women. 3.2 Effect of Climate Change on the Right to health As a result of climate change, womens work has become even more dangerous and difficult in the society of Bangladesh. In most poor communities, getting drinking water for their families is the responsibility for women, just as Bangladesh. Climate change causes problems of drought and salinization of water in Bangladesh (Aguilar Revelo, 2009). Women in families have to walk a long distance to obtain water resources, which consumes a large amount of their time and leads to high risks of injury and even death in the process. Climate change have driven child marriage risks in Bangladesh, with women’s right to health damaged. Natural disasters such as floods and droughts aroused by climate change have made thousands of people become displaced and lose their financial sources (e.g. crops). In this â€Å"hopeless† situation,   many parents have to marry their young daughters off. Girls Not Brides (2017) noted that Bangladesh already had one of highest rates of child marriage in the world at 52%. Around 30% of girls in Bangladesh are married before their 15th birthday. Early marriages make these girls more vulnerable to domestic violence, and pregnancy at a young age is harmful for women’s health. 3.3 Effect of Climate Change on the Right to Education High temperatures, droughts and floods have made farmers in rural areas lose their land, crops and livestock, then these people have to migrate from villages to the so-called â€Å"climate change refuges†in Dhaka. Education is free in rural Bangladesh, while it is not free in Dhaka   (Jabeen,2014).   In the face of high tuition fees and living costs, parents choose to let the girls give up education. Gender bias in Bangladesh society also contributes to the choice. Families often prefer to give boys the limited educational opportunities and the girls should make an effort for boys. Also, gathering water and producing crops become increasingly difficult due to extreme weather in Bangladesh so that girls have to stay at home to share the housework. It becomes more and more difficult for local women to participate in decision-making process of climate change policy and measures due to lack of education. As a result, many policies and measures for dealing with climate change are formulated almost entirely by men and can not accurately satisfy the demands of women. 4. Possible Solutions Protecting women’s human rights from climate change needs transboundary cooperation including international institutions, local government, NGOs. There are some suggestions to address the issue and to improve women’s human rights in the context of the climate change in Bangladesh. First, women’s empowerment in the decision-making process is of vital importance. Actually, this concept has been clearly stated in some policies or agreements, but it still faces many challenges in its practical application. For example,â€Å"The Paris Agreement†explicitly requires that gender equality and womens empowerment should be taken into account in addressing climate change, and gender differences should be considered in actions and capacity building to address climate change(Guiot,2016). However, in poor countries, womens empowerment is not easy to realize in practice because of social prejudices and the low educational level of women. For better empowerment, local governments should provide education subsidies or free education for these climate refugees. Relevant policies should be introduced to demand that all children including girls receive basic education. Compulsory education gives girls more employment opportunities and enables them to participate in the stages of social decision-making, making their voices heard in the area of addressing climate change issue. Moreover, womens education optimizes the demographic structure andthus has a positive impact on climate change. This creates a virtuous circle. Secondly, the infrastructure should be improved. As mentioned earlier, water is greatly affected by climate change, and womens access to water becomes more difficult and vulnerable. It seems impossible to change this culture in Bangladesh that women should get water for their families, but infrastructure projects can be implemented in local area to help them get watereasier. For example, local governments, corporations or international organizations can invest money and technology to establish water factories to enable local residents to use clean tap water directly. In addition, construction of the roads and schools in local villages can also reduce the time and distance to go to school. As a result, the way of getting water becomes safe and women can have more time for education. Finally, womens access to early warning information and the basic skills to deal with disasters should be improved. For example, the local government and other non-governmental organizations can provide local women with free disaster-resistant training. Considering the low-level education of local women, training materials should be designed easy to understand. And a special information transmission team including female should be set up to timely transmit important information to women groups and reflect the demands of women. 5. Conclusion Women in Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable groups when it comes to the impact of climate change. With the impact of climate change, women not only need to spend more time in domestic work, but also becomes more vulnerable in the process. Climate change has aggravated the problem of poverty, leading to the emergence of dropouts and child marriages. In fact, women’s rights to life, health and education have been adversely affected by climate change. Fortunately, more and more agencies and researchers have been aware of this issue and done some related research. These research outcomes have been gradually affecting the governments policies about climate change. However, increasing the human rights of women in Bangladesh will require more efforts from multiple agencies. The essay also provides some possible ways in practice to deal with the problem, including women’s empowerment in decision-making process, constructing tap water factories, improving local roads, disaster prevention training for women. 6. References [1] Qin D, Stocker T. & Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Working Group I. (2013) Climate change 2013: the physical science basis, p123-125. [2] Pielke, R.A.(2004) What is Climate Change? Energy & Environment. 15 (3), 515-520. [3] Ariella Azoulay. (2015) What Are Human Rights? Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 35 (1), 8-20. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201X-2876056 [Accessed Nov.3th 2017]. [4] United nations. (n.d.) Human Rights. Available: http://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/human-rights [Accessed Nov.4th 2017]. [5] Saleemul, Huq. (2001) Climate Change and Bangladesh. Science (New York, N.Y.), 294(5547), p.1617. [6] United Nations Environment Programme. (2005) Mainstreaming Gender in Environmental Assessment and Early Warning. Available: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11822/8559[Accessed Nov.4th 2017]. [7] Aguilar Revelo, L. (2009) Training Manual On Gender and Climate Change. Gland, Switzerland, IUCN, pp.120-122. [8] Girls Not Brides.(2016) How Is Climate Change Driving Child Marriage? Available: https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/hidden-connections-climate-change-child-marriage-bangladesh/[Accessed Nov.5th 2017] [9] Jabeen, H. (2014) Adapting the built environment: the role of gender in shaping vulnerability and resilience to climate extremes in Dhaka. Environment & Urbanization. 26 (1), 147-165. [10] Guiot, J. & Cramer, W. (2016) Climate change: The 2015 Paris Agreement thresholds and Mediterranean basin ecosystems. Science. 354 (6311), 465-468.

Reliable Pharmaceutical Service Essay

The scope of the project is to develop a web based application for Reliable Pharmaceutical Service to ease the existing system for its employees. The new web based application should be user friendly and should be hosted at the headquarters of Reliable Pharmaceutical Service. The existing data Reliable Pharmaceutical Service should be moved into the new web based application. Before the start of the development activities of the web based application, the activities like effort estimation, risk identification, budget allocation, resource identification etc should be completed to ensure hassle free development of the project. The effort estimation should be done very precisely to ensure the timely completion of the project. The testing of the web based application plays an important role in the successful project delivery therefore the software should be extensively tested so avoid any hiccups in the future. There will be several defects that may be identified during the testing phase. The resolution of all such defects is also in the scope of this project. The existing losses of Reliable Pharmaceutical Service are due to the complex system on which the whole company relies upon. The new web based application should work in such a way that Reliable Pharmaceutical Service should start making profits once again. The web based application so developed should be such that the widespread network of Reliable Pharmaceutical Service should be precisely united. The business that is being carried forward with the existing old technologies should be completely replaced with the new web technology without any loss of data.